Download Free Medical Cancer and the Immune System PowerPoint Presentation

Cancer and the Immune System PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical presentation on Breast Cancer (Metastatic), which is titled "Cancer and the Immune System", to know about tumors and metastasis, oncogenes and cancer induction, tumor antigens, tumors and the immune response, and immunotherapy.

Tags : Breast Cancer, Metastatic, Cancer, Immune System, tumors, metastasis, oncogenes, cancer induction, tumor antigens, immune response, immunotherapy

Published on : May 10, 2021 | Views : 1612 | Downloads : 3

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Cancer and the Immune System Amar Bhatt Shirley Masand Jaime Warmkessel Immunology Chapter 22 April 22, 2003
Slide 2-

A Look Ahead Tumors and Metastasis Oncogenes and Cancer Induction Tumor Antigens Tumors and the Immune Response Immunotherapy
Slide 3-

FATAL SYSTEM ERROR An exception error has occurred at AP222003C22. A virus has been detected. Quarantine has failed but the virus has been identified. Press the Any key to return to windows in safe sesame mode.
Slide 4-

Cancer and the Immune System
Slide 5-

Cancer “altered self-cells that have escaped normal growth regulation mechanisms” neoplasm: tumor benign vs. malignant metastasis: spreading of cancerous cells via blood or lymph to various tissues
Slide 6-

Metastasis 22.1
Slide 7-

Types of Cancers carcinoma: endodermal/ectodermal tissue leukemia/lymphoma: hematopoeitic stem cells sarcoma: mesodermal connective tissues
Slide 8-

What makes cancer “cancer”? decreased requirements for growth factors and serum are no longer anchorage dependent grow independently of density normal cells: eventually enter Go confluent monolayer CHECKPOINT FAILURE contact inhibition
Slide 9-

Malignant Transformation are like in vitro cancers two phases initiation (changes in genome) promotion (proliferation)
Slide 10-

Malignant Transformation chemical and physical carcinogens virally induced transformation cultured tumors: good models for study cancer cells are basically immortal
Slide 11-

Oncogenes… oncogene: “cancer gene”; often found in viral genomes proto-oncogene: cellular counterpart which can be turned into an oncogene
Slide 12-

What can go right? induction of cellular proliferation inhibition of cellular proliferation, a.k.a. tumor-suppressor genes regulation of programmed cell death
Slide 13-

What can go wrong? chromosomal translocations tandem repeats: HSRs mutations in proto-oncogenes viral integration growth factors and their receptors
Slide 14-

Induction of Cancer Fig. 22.2
Slide 15-

Induction of Cancer
Slide 16-

Lets Visualize! http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/activities/activity2_animations.htm
Slide 17-

Tumors of the Immune System Lymphomas Solid tumors w/in lymphoid tissue (bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus) Hodgkin’s & non-Hodgkin’s http://www.lymphomainfo.net/ Leukemias Proliferate as single cells Acute or Chronic depending on the progression of disease Acute- appear suddenly and progress rapidly; arise is less mature cells (ie ALL, AML) Chronic- much less aggressive and develop slowly; mature cells (ie CLL and CML)
Slide 18-

Tumor Antigens TSTAs Tumor Specific Transplantation Antigen TATAs Tumor Associated Transplantation Antigen
Slide 19-

TSTAs Unique to tumor cells DO NOT occur on normal cells in the body Novel proteins created my mutation presented on class I MHC Can either be chemically/physically induced or virally induced tumor antigens
Slide 20-

Chemically/Physically Induced Fig 22.7 Specific Immunologic Response that can Protect against later challenge by live cells Of the same line but not other tumor-line Cells. Methylcholanthrene / UV light
Slide 21-

Virally Induced Express tumor antigens shared by all tumors induced by the same virus Burkitt’s Lymphoma Epstein Barr HPV Fig 22.9
Slide 22-

TATAs NOT unique to tumor cells DO occur on normal cells in the body So where’s the problem? Fetal/adult presence Concentration of Growth Factors and Growth Factor Receptors
Slide 23-

TATAs cont’d Oncofetal Tumor Antigens (AFP & CEA) Normally appear in fetus before immunocompetence Later recognized as non-self Oncogene Proteins Human Melanomas
Slide 24-

Virally Induced Tumors Virally induced tumors have the same antigens for each tumor caused by that virus. HPV
Slide 25-

Immune Response to Tumors Mostly a cell-mediated response NK Cells Not MHC restricted Fc receptor binds to antibody coated tumor cell  ADCC Chedieak-Higashi syndrome Macrophages Not MHC restricted Elicits ADCC TNF-alpha Immune Surveillance Theory
Slide 26-

So, you have a tumor cell. Now what? You need three things: “See” the cancer Ternary complex and costimulation by B7 Activate lymphocytes Release IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha Cancer cells must be susceptible to killing CTL lysis, macrophages, NK cells Info From: http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/cancer/imevstca.html#Introduction
Slide 27-

But if the body has all these defenses, why do so many people still have cancer?
Slide 28-

Conniving Cancer. Bad antibodies? Some antibodies do not protect against tumor growth, but also ENHANCE it. Release of immunosuppressive cytokines transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Hide and go Seeking Antigen Antigens actually seem to “hide” in the presence of antibody Also, some cancer cells completely shed themselves of the antigen
Slide 29-

Source: Chouaib et al 1997
Slide 30-

Conniving Cancer cont. Reduction in Class I MHC Molecules
Slide 31-

And the final blow… Lack of Co- Stimulatory Signal
Slide 32-

Can you tell me how to get...
Slide 33-

...How to get to Therapy Street?
Slide 34-

Cancer Immunotherapy Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signal Enhancement of APC Activity Cytokine Therapy Monoclonal Antibodies Cancer Vaccines
Slide 35-

Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signal Tumor immunity can be enhanced by providing the co-stimulatory signal necessary for activation of CTL precursors (CTL-Ps) Fig. 22.11a
Slide 36-

Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signal Cont. Basis for Vaccine Prevent metastasis after surgical removal or primary melanoma in human patients
Slide 37-

Enhancement of APC Activity GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) remember: CSFs are cytokines that induce the formation of distinct hematopoietic cell lines Fig 22.11b
Slide 38-

Cytokine Therapy Use of recombinant cytokines (singly or in combination) to augment an immune response against cancer Via isolation and cloning of various cytokine genes such as: IFN-α, β, and γ Interleukin 1, 2, 4, 5, and 12 GM-CSF and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Slide 39-

Cytokine Therapy Cont. I. Interferons • Most clinical trials involve IFN-α • Has been shown to induce tumor regression in hematologic malignancies i.e. leukemias, lymphomas, melanomas and breast cancer • All types of IFN increase MHC I expression • IFN-γ also has also been shown to increase MHC II expressionon macrophages and increase activity of Tc cells, macrophages, and NKs
Slide 40-

Cytokine Therapy Cont. Tumor Necrosis Factors • Kills some tumor cells • Reduces proliferation of tumor cells without affecting normal cells How? • Hemorrhagic necrosis and regression, inhibits tumor induced vascularization (angio-genesis) by damaging vascular endothelium
Slide 41-

Cytokine Therapy Cont. In Vitro-Activited LAK & TIL cells A. Lymphocytes are activated against tumor antigens in vitro • Cultured with x-irradiated tumor cells in presence of IL-2 • Generated lymphokine activated killer cells (LAKs), which kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells
Slide 42-

In Vitro-Activated LAK and TIF cells Cont. B. Tumors contain lymphocytes that have infiltrated tumor and act in anti-tumor response • via biopsy, obtained cells and expanded population in vitro with • generated tumor-infiltrating lympho- cytes (TILs)
Slide 43-

Monoclonal Antibodies • Anti-idiotype • Growth Factors -HER2 • Immunotoxins
Slide 44-

ppt slide no 44 content not found
Slide 45-

Cancer Vaccines • Genetic Biochemical
Slide 46-

HPV Human Papilloma Virus E6 E7
Slide 47-

From Normal to Abnormal:
Slide 48-

For more info HPV Cancer Vaccines
Slide 49-

This Day Has Been Brought to you By the Letter… C C is for Cancer!