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The Respiratory System PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Ear, Nose, and Throat Facts, which is titled "The Respiratory System", to know about the respiratory system and functions of the nose.

Tags : Ear, Nose, Throat Facts, Respiratory System, functions of the nose

Published on : Jul 10, 2021 | Views : 5164 | Downloads : 20

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Slide 1-

22 The Respiratory System
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Respiratory System Consists of the respiratory and conducting zones Respiratory zone Site of gas exchange Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli Conducting zone Includes all other respiratory structures (e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)
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Respiratory System Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation
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Respiratory System Figure 22.1
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Major Functions of the Respiratory System To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide Respiration – four distinct processes must happen Pulmonary ventilation – moving air into and out of the lungs External respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the blood Transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues Internal respiration – gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues3
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Function of the Nose The only externally visible part of the respiratory system that functions by: Providing an airway for respiration Moistening and warming the entering air Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter Housing the olfactory receptors
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Nose 1. external portion a. mainly cartilage attached to nasal bones b. external nares (nostrils) c. vestibules - just inside external nares (put your finger)
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Nose 2. internal portion a. internal nares - connects nose to pharynx b. nasal septum - divides nasal cavity in two c. paranasal sinuses - cavities formed by cranium i. frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary, ethmoidal d. meatuses - passageways formed by conchae i. superior, middle, inferior e. olfactory region - above superior concha
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Nasal Cavity Respiratory mucosa Lines the balance of the nasal cavity Glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme to help destroy bacteria
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Nasal Cavity Figure 22.3b
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Pharynx Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the: Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly Larynx and esophagus inferiorly Extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
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Pharynx It is divided into three regions: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
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Nasopharynx Lies posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid, and superior to the level of the soft palate Strictly an air passageway Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium Closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity The pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) lies high on the posterior wall Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes open into the lateral walls
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Oropharynx Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis Serves as a common passageway for food and air The epithelial lining is protective stratified squamous epithelium Fauces - opening toward the mouth Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsil
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Laryngopharynx Serves as a common passageway for food and air Lies posterior to the upright epiglottis Extends to the larynx, where the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge
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Larynx (Voice Box) Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly Continuous with the trachea posteriorly
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Framework of the Larynx 1. Made up of 9 segments of cartilage: a. unpaired - thyroid, epiglottic, cricoid b. paired - arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
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Larynx Cartilages thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) epiglottis - covers larynx to route food glottis - vocal folds (cords) for sound cricoid cartlage - attaches larynx to trachea arytenoid cartilage - attached to vocal folds
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Framework of the Larynx Figure 22.4a, b
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Voice Production a. ventricular folds (false cords) hold breath against thoracic air pressure b. vocal cords (true cords) vibrate to produce different frequencies c. pharynx, mouth, sinuses, nose, tongue, lips alter the sound
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Trachea 1. larynx -> T5 ; anterior to the esophagus 2. C-shaped hyaline cartilage along the esophagus 3. carina - ridge at the bifurcation to the bronchi 4. intubation - tube down collapsed trachea 5. tracheostomy - hole in trachea; bypass obstructions
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Trachea Mucosa – made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium Submucosa – connective tissue deep to the mucosa Adventitia – outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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Trachea Figure 22.6a
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Bronchi Air reaching the bronchi is: Warmed and cleansed of impurities Saturated with water vapor Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching in the lungs
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Conducting Zone: Bronchial Tree - Tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea - As conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur: Cartilage support structures change Epithelium types change Amount of smooth muscle increases
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Bronchial Tree Bronchioles: Consist of cuboidal epithelium Have a complete layer of circular smooth muscle Lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
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Respiratory Zone Defined by the presence of alveoli; begins as terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of alveoli Approximately 300 million alveoli: Account for most of the lungs’ volume Provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange
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Respiratory Zone Figure 22.8a
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Respiratory Zone Figure 22.8b
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Respiratory Membrane Figure 22.9b
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Lungs Cardiac notch (impression) – cavity that accommodates the heart Left lung – separated into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure Right lung – separated into three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) by the oblique and horizontal fissures
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Pleurae Thin, double-layered serosa: Parietal pleura Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm Continues around heart and between lungs Visceral pleura Covers the external lung surface Divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers The central mediastinum Two lateral compartments, each containing a lung