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Slide 1-

Chapter 5 The Human Body
Slide 2-

Introduction A working knowledge of anatomy is important. Knowledge of anatomy helps to communicate correct information: To professionals, who know medical terms To others, who may not understand medical terms
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Topographic Anatomy Superficial landmarks Serve as guides to structures that lie beneath them Topographic anatomy applies to a body in the anatomic position. Patient stands facing you, arms at side, palms forward.
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Planes of the Body (1 of 2) Imaginary straight lines that divide the body Three main areas Coronal plane: front/back Transverse (axial) plane: top/bottom Sagittal (lateral) plane: left/right
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Planes of the Body (2 of 2)
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Directional Terms (1 of 2) Important when discussing injury location or pain radiation. Examples include: Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Right, left (patient’s right or left) Superior (closest to head) Inferior (closest to feet)
Slide 7-

Directional Terms (2 of 2)
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Movement Terms (1 of 2) Flexion is the bending of a joint. Extension is the straightening of a joint. Adduction is motion toward the midline. Abduction is motion away from the midline.
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Movement Terms (2 of 2)
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Other Directional Terms (1 of 2) Many structures are bilateral, appearing on both sides of midline. Abdomen is divided into quadrants for communication purposes. RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ
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Other Directional Terms (2 of 2)
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Anatomic Positions Prone Supine Shock Fowler Recovery
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The Skeletal System: Anatomy Skeleton gives us our recognizable human form. Protects vital internal organs Contains Bones Ligaments Tendons Cartilage
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The Axial Skeleton (1 of 4) Foundation on which the arms and legs are hung. Includes: Skull Spinal column Thorax
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The Axial Skeleton (2 of 4) Skull Cranium—made up of 4 bones Face—made up of 14 bones Foramen magnum is the opening at base of skull to allow brain to connect to spinal cord.
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The Axial Skeleton (3 of 4) Spinal column Composed of 33 bones (vertebrae) Spine divided into 5 sections: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
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The Axial Skeleton (4 of 4) Thorax Formed by of 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs Thoracic cavity contains Heart Lungs Esophagus Great vessels
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The Appendicular Skeleton Arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis Includes: Upper extremity Pelvis Lower extremity
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The Upper Extremity (1 of 4) Upper extremity extends from shoulder girdle to fingertips Composed of arms, forearms, hands, fingers
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The Upper Extremity (2 of 4) Shoulder girdle Three bones come together, allowing arm to be moved: Clavicle, scapula, humerus
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The Upper Extremity (3 of 4) Arm The humerus is the supporting bone of the arm. The forearm consists of the radius and ulna. Radius on lateral side of forearm Ulna on medial side of forearm
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The Upper Extremity (4 of 4) Wrist and hand Ball-and-socket joint Principal bones Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
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The Pelvis (1 of 2) Closed bony ring consisting of three bones Sacrum Two pelvic bones Each pelvic bone is formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
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The Pelvis (2 of 2) Posteriorly, the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones are joined by the sacrum Anteriorly, the pubic symphysis is where the right and left pubis are joined
Slide 25-

The Lower Extremity (1 of 4) Main parts are thigh, leg, foot. Upper leg: femur (thigh bone) Longest bone in body, femur connects into acetabulum (pelvic girdle) by ball-and-socket joint. Greater and lesser trochanter are where major muscles of thigh connect to femur.
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The Lower Extremity (2 of 4) Knee connects upper leg to lower leg Kneecap (patella) Lower Leg Tibia (shin bone) Anterior of leg Fibula Lateral side of leg
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The Lower Extremity (3 of 4) Ankle A hinge joint Allows flexion/extension of foot
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The Lower Extremity (4 of 4) Foot Contains 7 tarsal bones 5 metatarsal bones form substance of foot Toes are formed by phalanges
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Joints (1 of 2) Occur wherever two long bones come in contact Two types of joints Hinge joint Motion restricted to one plane Ball-and-socket joint Allows rotation and bending
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Joints (2 of 2) Hinge Joint Ball-and-socket joint
Slide 31-

The Skeletal System: Physiology The skeletal system: Gives body shape Provides protection of fragile organs Allows for movement Stores calcium Helps create blood cells
Slide 32-

The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy (1 of 4) Musculoskeletal system provides: Form Upright posture Movement More than 600 muscles attach to bone. Called skeletal (or voluntary) muscles
Slide 33-

The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy (2 of 4) Skeletal/Voluntary Muscle
Slide 34-

The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy (3 of 4) Other types of muscle outside the musculoskeletal system Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
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The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy (4 of 4)
Slide 36-

The Musculoskeletal System: Physiology Contraction and relaxation of system make it possible to move and manipulate environment. A byproduct of this movement is heat. When you get cold, you shiver (shake muscles) to produce heat.
Slide 37-

The Respiratory System: Anatomy Structures of the body that contribute to respiration (the process of breathing)
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Upper Airway (1 of 3) Includes: Nose Mouth Tongue Jaw Oral cavity
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Upper Airway (2 of 3) Upper airway includes (cont’d) Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx is anterior Esophagus is posterior
Slide 41-

Upper Airway (3 of 3) Upper airway (cont’d) Epiglottis Prevents food and liquid from entering trachea
Slide 42-

Lower Airway Larynx is the dividing line between upper and lower airway. Adam’s apple/thyroid cartilage is anterior. Cricoid cartilage/cricoid ring forms lowest portion of larynx. Trachea (windpipe) Ends at carina, dividing into right and left bronchi leading to bronchioles
Slide 43-

Lungs (1 of 2) The two lungs are held in place by: Trachea Arteries and veins Pulmonary ligaments Divided into two lobes Bronchi and bronchioles end with alveoli. Alveoli allow for gas exchange.
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Lungs (2 of 2) Lungs are covered by smooth, glistening tissue called pleura
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Muscles of Breathing (1 of 2) Diaphragm is primary muscle. Also involved are: Intercostal muscles Abdominal muscles Pectoral muscles
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Muscles of Breathing (2 of 2)
Slide 48-

The Respiratory System: Physiology (1 of 7) Function is to provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Ventilation and respiration are two separate, interdependent functions of the respiratory system.
Slide 49-

The Respiratory System: Physiology (2 of 7) Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and tissue. Brain stem controls breathing. Hypoxic drive is backup system.
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The Respiratory System: Physiology (3 of 7) Brainstem controls breathing
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The Respiratory System: Physiology (4 of 7) Oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in alveoli and tissue
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The Respiratory System: Physiology (5 of 7) Respiration (cont’d) Medulla initiates ventilation cycles. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) Initiates inspiration Ventral respiratory group (VRG) Provides forced inspiration or expiration when needed
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The Respiratory System: Physiology (6 of 7) Ventilation is simple air movement into and out of the lungs.
Slide 54-

The Respiratory System: Physiology (7 of 7) You provide ventilation when you administer oxygen. Tidal volume is amount of air moved into or out of lungs in a single breath.
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Characteristics of Normal Breathing (1 of 2) Normal rate and depth (tidal volume) Regular rhythm or pattern of inhalation and exhalation Good audible breath sounds on both sides of chest
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Characteristics of Normal Breathing (2 of 2) Regular rise and fall movement on both sides of the chest Movement of the abdomen
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Inadequate Breathing Patterns in Adults Labored breathing Muscle retractions Pale, cyanotic, cool, damp skin Tripod position Agonal gasps (gasping breaths)
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The Circulatory System: Anatomy (1 of 2) Complex arrangement of connected tubes Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins Two circuits Systemic circulation—body Pulmonary circulation—lungs
Slide 59-

The Circulatory System: Anatomy (2 of 2)
Slide 60-

The Heart (1 of 7) Hollow muscular organ the size of an adult’s clenched fist Made of specialized cardiac muscle (myocardium) Works as two paired pumps Septum divides right and left sides.
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The Heart (2 of 7) Each side is divided into: Atrium (upper chamber) Ventricle (lower chamber)
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The Heart (3 of 7) Circulation Heart receives its blood from aorta. Right side receives blood from veins. Left side receives blood from lungs.
Slide 63-

Right side Left side The Heart (4 of 7)
Slide 64-

The Heart (5 of 7) Circulation (cont’d)
Slide 65-

The Heart (6 of 7) Normal resting heart rate (HR) is 60 to 100 beats/min. Stroke volume (SV) Amount of blood moved by one beat Cardiac output (CO) Amount of blood moved in 1 minute HR × SV = CO
Slide 66-

The Heart (7 of 7) In 1 minute, body’s entire blood volume (5 to 6 L) is circulated through all the vessels. Electrical conduction network Causes smooth, coordinated contractions Contractions produce pumping action
Slide 67-

Arteries (1 of 4) Arteries carry blood from heart to all body tissues. Branch into arterioles Arterioles branch into capillaries Pulse is created by blood pumping out of left ventricle into major arteries.
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Arteries (2 of 4) Major arteries Aorta (heart) Pulmonary (right ventricle) Carotid (neck) Femoral (thigh) Posterior tibial (lower leg) Dorsalis pedis (foot)
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Arteries (3 of 4) Major arteries (cont’d) Brachial (upper arm) Radial (lower arm)
Slide 70-

Arteries (4 of 4)
Slide 71-

Capillaries Connect arterioles to venules Fine end divisions of arterial system Allow contact between blood and cells Billions of capillaries in body
Slide 72-

Veins Return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart Superior vena cava carries blood returning from head, neck, shoulders, upper extremities. Inferior vena cava carries blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities. Join at right atrium
Slide 73-

Spleen Solid organ located under rib cage Filters blood Is particularly susceptible to injury from blunt trauma Can lead to severe internal bleeding
Slide 74-

Blood Composition Plasma Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets
Slide 75-

The Circulatory System: Physiology (1 of 2) Blood pressure is pressure blood exerts against walls of arteries. When left ventricle of heart contracts, it pumps blood from ventricle into aorta. Called systole
Slide 76-

The Circulatory System: Physiology (2 of 2) When muscle of ventricle relaxes, ventricle fills with blood. Called diastole Blood pressure readings Systolic blood pressure (high point of wave) Diastolic blood pressure (low point of wave)
Slide 77-

Normal Circulation in Adults (1 of 2) Automatically adjusted and controlled Perfusion is circulation of blood in organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells.
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Normal Circulation in Adults (2 of 2) Blood enters organs and tissues through arteries. Blood leaves organs and tissues through veins.
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Inadequate Circulation in Adults The system can adjust to small blood loss. Vessels constrict. Heart pumps more rapidly. With a large loss, adjustment fails, and patient goes into shock.
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The Function of Blood Fighting infection Transporting oxygen Transporting carbon dioxide Controlling pH Transporting wastes and nutrients Clotting (coagulation)
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Nervous System Control of the Cardiovascular System (1 of 2) Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight-or-flight response. Sends commands to adrenal glands Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted to stimulate heart and blood vessels.
Slide 82-

Nervous System Control of the Cardiovascular System (2 of 2) Blood vessels have alpha-adrenergic receptors. Heart and lungs have beta-adrenergic receptors. Parasympathetic nervous system also has effects on cardiovascular system. Addresses actions that do not require immediate response
Slide 83-

The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology (1 of 2) The nervous system is perhaps the most complex organ in body Consists of: Brain Spinal cord
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The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology (2 of 2) Divided into two main portions: Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system
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Central Nervous System (1 of 2) Brain Controlling organ of the body Subdivisions Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem
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Central Nervous System (2 of 2) Spinal cord Continuation of the brain Transmits messages between brain and body
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Peripheral Nervous System (1 of 3) Divided into two main portions: Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system
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Peripheral Nervous System (2 of 3) Somatic nervous system Transmits signals from brain to voluntary muscles (allows for walking, talking) Autonomic nervous system Involuntary actions (digestion, dilation) Split into two areas Sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic nervous system (slows body)
Slide 91-

Peripheral Nervous System (3 of 3) Two types of nerves within peripheral nervous system Sensory nerves carry information from body to CNS. Motor nerves carry information from CNS to muscles.
Slide 92-

The Integumentary System (Skin): Anatomy (1 of 2) Two layers Epidermis (superficial) Dermis (deeper) Below the skin lies subcutaneous tissue. Fat that insulates and serves as energy reservoir
Slide 93-

The Integumentary System (Skin): Anatomy (2 of 2)
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The Integumentary System (Skin): Physiology Skin is the largest single organ Three major functions Protect the body in the environment Regulate body temperature Transmit information from environment to brain
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The Digestive System: Anatomy (1 of 4) Function of system is digestion. Abdomen is second major body cavity. Contains major organs of digestion and excretion Quadrants are easiest way to identify areas RUQ/LUQ RLQ/LLQ
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The Digestive System: Anatomy (2 of 4)
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The Digestive System: Anatomy (3 of 4) Mouth Lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue Salivary glands Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas
Slide 98-

The Digestive System: Anatomy (4 of 4) Liver Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Rectum
Slide 99-

The Digestive System: Physiology Enzymes are added to food. By salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine Enzymes convert food into basic sugars, fatty acids, amino acids. Further processed by liver Circulated via blood throughout body
Slide 100-

The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology (1 of 2) Complex message and control system Integrates many body functions Hormones are released directly into bloodstream. Examples: epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin
Slide 101-

The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology (2 of 2) The endocrine system controls release of hormones in the body.
Slide 102-

The Urinary System: Anatomy and Physiology (1 of 2) Controls fluid balance in the body Filters and eliminates wastes Controls pH balance
Slide 103-

The Urinary System: Anatomy and Physiology (2 of 2)
Slide 104-

Summary (4 of 9) The function of the respiratory system is to provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. The circulatory system is a complex arrangement of connected tubes, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Slide 105-

The Genital System: Anatomy and Physiology (1 of 2) Controls reproductive processes Male system consists of Testicles Epididymis Vasa Deferentia Penis
Slide 106-

Male System
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The Genital System: Anatomy and Physiology (2 of 2) Female system consists of Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Cervix Vagina
Slide 108-

Female System
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Life Support Chain (1 of 3) All cells in body require oxygen, nutrients, and removal of waste. Circulatory system is the carrier of these supplies and wastes. If interference occurs, cells become damaged and die.
Slide 110-

Life Support Chain (2 of 3) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Involved in energy metabolism Used to store energy Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen. Cells switch to anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is limited. Lactic acid is damaging waste product.
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Life Support Chain (3 of 3) Movement of oxygen, waste, nutrients occurs by diffusion. pH is critical to diffusion. Measure of acidity or alkalinity Body spends large amount of energy to maintain normal pH.
Slide 112-

Pathophysiology The study of functional changes that occur when body reacts to disease Respiratory compromise can lead to: Shock Alteration of cellular metabolism
Slide 113-

Summary (1 of 9) Understand human anatomy and physiology so you can assess the patient’s condition and communicate with others. Know superficial landmarks of the body and what lies underneath the skin.
Slide 114-

Summary (2 of 9) Bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage give the body its recognizable human form. The skeletal system provides protection for organs, allows for movement, and gives the body its shape.
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Summary (3 of 9) The contraction and relaxation of the musculoskeletal system gives the body its ability to move. The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
Slide 116-

Summary (5 of 9) The nervous system is the most complex organ system within the human body. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The skin is divided into two parts: the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis.
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Summary (6 of 9) The skin is the largest single organ in the body. The skin serves three major functions: to protect the body in the environment, to regulate the temperature of the body, and to transmit information from the environment to the brain.
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Summary (7 of 9) The digestive system is composed of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus.
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Summary (8 of 9) The endocrine system is a complex message and control system that integrates many body functions. The urinary system controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys.
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Summary (9 of 9) The genital system controls the reproductive processes. Pathophysiology is the study of how the body reacts to diseases.