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Published on : Dec 25, 2022 | Views : 1114 | Downloads : 0

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Lecture # 7 Amber Gillani Substance use, abuse and addiction
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Models of addiction Throughout history people have tried to understand the concept of drug use and why some people become dependent or addicted to certain drugs and why some don't. The following models have been most influential in developing drug policies and drug treatment historically and are still used in world. These models influence the way people work with young people and other individuals who have drug problems.
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Moral model During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries addiction was viewed as a sin. Drug-dependent people were considered morally weak, and addiction was seen as a fault of one's character. Under the influence of this model, users were punished with whippings, public beatings, stocks, fines, and public ridicule being relatively common. Spiritual direction was also a common treatment. Jail sentences were another form of punishment and at the turn of the century many more drug users were put in mental hospitals as the jails became full.
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Disease model The disease model assumes that the origins of addiction lie within the individual him/herself. This model adopts a medical viewpoint and suggests that addiction is a disease or an illness that a person has. It believes that: Addiction does not exist on a continuum – it is either present or it isn't. Addicted people cannot control their intake of a given substance. Once they consume some of the substance (such as one drink of alcohol) they are powerless to stop themselves having any more and are overtaken by almost irresistible cravings when they cannot have it. The disease of addiction is irreversible. It cannot be cured and can only be treated by lifelong abstinence.
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Psycho-dynamic model This was originated with Sigmund Freud and is still used today as a way of treating people with drug problems. The basic philosophy behind the psycho-dynamic model is that we can link problems to our childhood and how we cope (or don't cope) as adults. In other words, drug use or misuse may be an unconscious response to some of the difficulties individuals may have experienced in childhood. This philosophy forms the basis of many counseling approaches which aim to gain insight into an individual's unconscious motivations and try to enhance their self-image.
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Social learning model Russell (1976) introduced the idea that dependence is not only chemical but also behavioral and social in nature. It is based more on the user's thoughts about the substance. The key points of the social learning model can be summarized in the following way: Anyone who engages in an activity that they find pleasurable is at risk of developing dependence on that activity. Dependence is a learned behavior that results from conditioning, modeling and thinking about the substance. Dependence on an activity/drug or person exists in degrees. The greater the dependence then the greater the negative feelings experienced in the absence of the activity.
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Dependence is a normal facet of human behavior. It only becomes a problem when the individual experiences a number of negative consequences as a result of their behavior, but continues to do it anyway. A sense of compulsion, of wanting to engage in a behavior (such as drug use), but knowing that one really shouldn't, is the hallmark of addictive behavior.. Addictive behaviors are only terminated when the individual makes the decision that the costs of continued use are vastly greater than the benefits.
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Socio-cultural model It focuses on society as whole and not just on individuals. This model is based on the idea that the type of society in which people live has an impact on their drug use. In particular, this model makes links between inequality and drug use. It suggests that people who belong to groups who are culturally and socially disadvantaged are more likely to experience substance abuse problems.
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This model links substance abuse to the conditions of the wider society, the solution to 'drug problems' revolves around changing the social environment, rather than treating individuals. This involves developing ways to address poverty, poor housing and discrimination.
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Public health model This model continues to guide treatment and prevention programs in Australia. It is an integrated approach and identifies three key factors and the relationships between them. The agent – characteristics and effects of the drug itself The host – characteristics of the individual or group of users The environment – the context of the drug use.
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This model is based on the philosophy of harm minimization. This means that we accept that drug use is a reality within our society and that trying to stamp it out is an unreachable goal. The goal therefore is to reduce the harms brought about by certain types of drug use through the following range of intervention approaches. Primary prevention - The aim is to ensure the problem does not occur in the first place. This may be achieved through: community development drug education media-based strategies Secondary prevention - The problem is identified in its early stages and intervention is applied to stop further progress of possible problematic drug use. Tertiary prevention - This is when the problem is considered serious and may be affecting the individual's health, finances, relationships and/or legally. Treatment may include counseling, hospitalization etc.
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Alcohol use and Abuse Alcohol is a toxic and psychoactive substance with dependence producing properties. In many of today’s societies, alcoholic beverages are a routine part of the social landscape for many in the population. This is particularly true for those in social environments with high visibility and societal influence, nationally and internationally, where alcohol frequently accompanies socializing. In this context, it is easy to overlook or discount the health and social damage caused or contributed to by drinking.
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What is alcohol? Its illegal/legal drug- cultural differences.
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Tobacco use and abuse Tobacco: Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being put in tobacco products. Tobacco contains nicotine, an ingredient that can lead to addiction, which is why so many people who use tobacco find it difficult to quit.
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How do people use tobacco? People can smoke, chew, or sniff tobacco. Smoked tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, etc. Some people also smoke loose tobacco in a pipe or hookah (water pipe). Chewed tobacco products include chewing tobacco, snuff, dip; snuff can also be sniffed.
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Can a person overdose on nicotine? Nicotine is poisonous and, though uncommon, overdose is possible. An overdose occurs when the person uses too much of a drug and has a toxic reaction that results in serious, harmful symptoms or death. Nicotine poisoning usually occurs in young children who accidentally chew on nicotine gum or patches used to quit smoking or swallow e-cigarette liquid. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, vomiting, fainting, headache, weakness, and increased or decreased heart rate. Anyone concerned that a child or adult might be experiencing a nicotine overdose should seek immediate medical help.
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QUESTIONS?