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Resistance Training-Programming and Progressions PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Resistance Training: Programming and Progressions”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation talks about resistance training, a type of physical exercise that involves lifting weights or using resistance to challenge the muscles and increase their strength and size. When designing a resistance training program, its important to consider several factors, including the individuals fitness goals, their current fitness level, their schedule, and their preferences.

This presentation providese some key points to keep in mind when programming and progressing a resistance training routine.

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Published on : Apr 24, 2023 | Views : 1191 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

ACE Personal Trainer Manual 5th Edition Chapter 10: Resistance Training: Programming and Progressions Lesson 10.1
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After completing this session, you will be able to: Identify the various benefits of a resistance-training program List acute and long-term physiological adaptations to resistance training Discuss factors that influence muscular strength and hypertrophy Explain the relationship between muscular strength, muscular power, and muscular endurance Discuss the training variables affecting strength development and program design LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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BENEFITS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING Strength training is the process of exercising with progressively heavier resistance to stimulate muscle development. The outcomes and benefits of regular resistance exercise include: Increased muscle fiber size and contractile strength Increased tensile strength in tendons and ligaments Increased bone mineral density Improved power production and sports performance
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PHYSICAL CAPACITY Physical capacity is the ability to perform work or exercise. Resistance training results in stronger muscles that increase the physical capacity for force production: Progressive resistance exercise enables an individual to perform a single lift with a heavier weight load (muscular strength) or to perform more repetitions with a submaximal weight load (muscular endurance). Previously untrained adults may increase their muscle mass and increase their resting metabolic rate (RMR).
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PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION The human body is composed of two primary components: Fat weight Fat-free weight, or lean weight: Muscle Bone Blood Skin Organs Connective tissue An increase in body fat percentage may have a negative impact on appearance, fitness, and health.
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METABOLIC FUNCTION Muscle disuse atrophy results in a decrease in RMR. Strength training raises RMR and results in more calories burned on a daily basis: The microtrauma-repair and muscle-remodeling processes require increased energy for at least 72 hours following a challenging strength-training session. Strength training increases muscle mass, decreases fat mass, and raises RMR, effectively countering primary degenerative processes of sedentary aging. The calories used during the strength-training session and in the post-exercise muscle-remodeling period contribute to fat loss and provide associated health benefits.
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INJURY RISK AND DISEASE PREVENTION A comprehensive program of resistance exercise may be the most effective means of preventing musculoskeletal injuries and reducing the risk of degenerative diseases: Shock absorption and balance to help dissipate repetitive landing forces Reduced risk of overuse injuries that result from strong and weak opposing muscle groups Increased bone mineral density, which may reduce the risk of osteoporosis Improved body composition, which reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease Reduced pain of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis A decrease in depression in older men and women Improved functional ability in older adults Increased mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity of muscle tissue
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PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS TO RESISTANCE TRAINING: ACUTE To perform resistance exercise, several acute physiological responses must take place: Nerve impulses are transmitted from the central nervous system to activate the appropriate motor units and muscle fibers in the prime mover muscles. Muscle fibers contract to provide the necessary force. Muscle fibers use fuel sources such as creatine phosphate and glycogen for anaerobic energy production. Results in metabolic by-products such as hydrogen ions and lactate Within the endocrine system: Cortisol, epinephrine, growth hormone, and testosterone increase during a resistance-training session.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS TO RESISTANCE TRAINING: LONG-TERM Two principal long-term physiological adaptations to progressive resistance exercise: Increased muscular strength and increased muscle size (hypertrophy) Muscular strength: Initially, strength gains are the result of neurological factors (motor learning). Ongoing resistance exercise results in efficient activation of the motor units involved in the exercise movement: Motor units that produce the desired movement are facilitated. Motor units that produce the opposing movement are inhibited. Resistance exercise causes muscle tissue microtrauma, depending on the intensity and volume of the training. Following a challenging resistance-training session, muscle tissue remodeling results in growth of muscle fibers coupled with small increases in muscular strength.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS TO RESISTANCE TRAINING: LONG-TERM Muscular hypertrophy: Satellite cells – responsible for building larger and stronger muscle fibers Strength-trained muscle fibers increase in cross-sectional area as a result of two tissue adaptations: An increase in the number of myofibrils; referred to as myofibrillar hypertrophy – results in greater muscle contraction force An increase in the muscle cell sarcoplasm that surrounds the myofibrils; known as sarcoplasmic hypertrophy – results in an increase the cross-sectional area Transient hypertrophy: Term denoting the “muscle pump” experienced by many people immediately following resistance training
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Hormone levels – associated with tissue growth and development: Growth hormone levels – highest during youth and decrease with advancing age Testosterone concentrations – also decrease with age Higher levels are advantageous for increasing muscular strength and size. Lower levels of both lead to reduced muscle mass and strength in older adults.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Sex – gender influences muscle quantity, not muscle quality Men typically have greater muscle mass and overall muscular strength than women: Larger body size Higher lean weight percentage More anabolic hormones (testosterone)
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Age – advancing age is associated with less muscle mass and lower strength levels, partly due to lower levels of anabolic hormones: An average strength loss of 10% per decade in adults It appears that all ages initially respond to progressive resistance exercise and gain muscle at the same rate The potential for total-body muscle mass diminishes during the older-adult years
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Muscle fiber type – two categories of contractile proteins: Type I muscle fibers (slow-twitch) Typically smaller with more aerobic capacity Activated at lower force levels Type II muscle fibers (fast-twitch)–type IIa and type IIx Typically larger with more anaerobic capacity Activated at higher force levels Endurance and resistance training can create small shifts in fiber composition from type IIx fibers to type IIa fibers. Anaerobic training causes an adaptation where type IIa fibers change to function more like type IIx fibers.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Muscle length – perhaps the most important factor for attaining large muscle size is muscle length relative to bone length: Some people have relatively short muscles with long tendon attachments. Some people have relatively long muscles with short tendon attachments. Individuals with relatively long muscles possess a greater potential for muscle development than those with relatively short muscles.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Limb length – affects strength performance, but does not influence muscle hypertrophy: Shorter limbs provide leverage advantages over longer limbs Muscle force x Muscle force arm = Resistance force x Resistance force arm Longer limbs – longer resistance force arms require more muscle force to move a given resistance Shorter limbs – shorter resistance force arms require less muscle force to move a given resistance
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Lever systems in the body The muscle force arm – the distance from the joint axis of rotation to the muscle-tendon-insertion point The resistance force arm – the distance from the joint axis of rotation to the resistance application point
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND HYPERTROPHY Tendon insertion point – affects strength performance, but does not influence muscle hypertrophy: A longer muscle force arm provides a leverage advantage for moving a heavier resistance An individual with a tendon insertion point farther from the elbow joint axis can curl a heavier dumbbell than an individual with a tendon insertion point closer to the elbow joint
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MUSCULAR STRENGTH/POWER/ENDURANCE RELATIONSHIPS One-repetition maximum (1-RM) – the highest resistance that can be moved through the full movement range at a controlled movement speed Muscular endurance – typically assessed by the number of repetitions that can be performed with a given submaximal resistance Muscular power – the product of muscular strength and movement speed An increase in muscular strength is accompanied by an increase in muscular power: Training with light resistance enables fast movement speed, but results in a low power output. Training with heavy resistance enables high strength, but requires slow movement speed, and therefore results in a low power output. Training with medium resistance and moderate-to-fast movement speeds produces the highest power output and is the most effective means for increasing muscular power.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WEIGHT LOAD AND MUSCULAR POWER
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TRAINING VARIABLES Designing effective programs requires consideration of several factors and programming variables: A needs assessment Appropriate exercise frequency consistent with the client’s goals Training experience Current conditioning level Necessary recovery periods between sessions Appropriate exercises and exercise order consistent with program needs and goals, equipment availability, client experience, technique, and conditioning level The exercise volume and load – sets, repetitions, and intensity Appropriate rest intervals between sets based on the client’s needs and goals
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NEEDS ASSESSMENT A trainer must complete a detailed needs assessment to determine what the appropriate program will entail. To complete the needs assessment, the trainer should consider the following: Evaluation of the activity or sport Movement analysis Physiological analysis Injury analysis Individual assessment Current conditioning level Training history and technique History of injury or fear of injury Tolerance for discomfort
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TRAINING FREQUENCY Training frequency – inversely related to both training volume and training intensity: Less vigorous exercise sessions: Produce less muscle microtrauma Require less time for tissue remodeling Can be performed more frequently More vigorous exercise sessions: Produce more muscle microtrauma Require more time for tissue remodeling Must be performed less frequently for optimum results
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TRAINING FREQUENCY
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EXERCISE SELECTION AND ORDER Determining exercise selection and order is a complex process that requires: Consideration of the individual’s experience and exercise technique Movement and physiological demands of the activity or sport Consideration of equipment and time availability Group exercises based on body area, function, or relevance to the activity: Primary exercises – multiple muscles from one or more of the larger muscle areas that span two or more joints; generally performed in a linear fashion Assisted exercises – smaller muscle groups from more isolated areas that span one joint Grouping specific muscles into a session: Should reflect the specific needs of the client and availability for training ACSM recommends targeting each major muscle group 2 or 3 days a week, allowing a minimum of 48 hours of recovery between sessions.
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EXERCISE SELECTION AND ORDER Trainers can select from a variety of methods to enhance muscle hypertrophy or improve muscular endurance, strength, and power: Performing primary exercises followed by assisted exercises within a targeted area Multijoint linear exercises, followed by single-joint rotary exercises Alternating upper- and lower-extremity exercises within or between training sessions Group pushing and pulling muscles within a session Alternating pushing and pulling movements or targeting joint agonists and antagonists within a session Performing supersets or compound sets, before an appropriate rest interval is taken
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APPROPRIATE PROGRAM PROGRESSIONS
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TRAINING VOLUME Training volume – the cumulative work completed during each resistance-training session Training volume is calculated in several ways. Repetition-volume calculation: Volume = Sets x Repetitions (for either the muscle group or the session) Load-volume calculation: Volume = Exercise weight load x Repetitions x Sets (then summing the total for each muscle group or the entire session) Although training volume is an excellent measure of how much work was performed, it may not be an accurate assessment of how hard a person truly worked.
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TRAINING VOLUME Training volume provides a reasonably good indication of the energy used in a workout: A correlation exists between the total amount of weight lifted and the total number of calories burned Power lifters – typically lower-volume workouts: Fewer exercises, repetitions, and sets with heavier weight loads Focus on improving the muscle’s ability to maximally recruit fibers to generate higher amounts of force Competitive bodybuilders – higher-volume workouts: More exercises, repetitions, and sets with moderate weight loads Focus on increasing the amount of time the muscle spends under tension performing work to stimulate hypertrophy
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TRAINING VOLUME BASED ON GOAL
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TRAINING INTENSITY Training intensity varies inversely with training volume and can be defined as either: The percentage of maximum resistance used in an exercise The effort level achieved during an exercise set Higher-intensity training sessions require lower exercise volumes. Higher-volume exercise sessions require lower training intensities. Most periodization models: Begin with higher-volume/lower-intensity workouts Progress to moderate-volume/moderate-intensity workouts Conclude with lower-volume/higher-intensity workouts The more important factor for strength development appears to be the training effort.
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INTENSITY AND ADHERENCE Progressing intensity too quickly could lead to excessive delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) or injury, providing reasons for a new client to quit the exercise program. When developing a program for a client new to exercise, consider the following: Begin with a low level of intensity Allow the client to physically and psychologically adapt to the training stress. Gradually progressing the intensity Help the client experience results while developing long-term adherence to exercise.
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TRAINING TEMPO Research has not identified a particular training tempo that is most effective for increasing muscular strength and size. Movement speeds of 6 seconds per repetition is commonly recommended for machine (selectorized) training: Concentric muscle action – one to three seconds Eccentric muscle action – two to four seconds The trainer should emphasize performing all exercises through a full range of motion (ROM).
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REST INTERVALS Rest intervals – the recovery periods between successive exercises or between successive sets of the same exercise The length of the rest interval is dependent on: The training goal The client’s conditioning status The load and amount of work performed The heavier the load, the longer the rest interval needed to replenish the muscle’s energy pathways.
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REST INTERVALS For general muscular conditioning, 1-minute rest intervals between successive exercise sets are sufficient. If maximizing muscular strength, take several minutes of rest between sets of the same exercise. If maximizing muscle size, take 30 to 90 seconds between successive exercise sets. Shorter rest intervals increase cardiovascular and metabolic responses both during and after the exercise session. For clients new to resistance training, rest intervals should be long enough to maintain their comfort levels, but not so long that their heart rate and body temperature return to normal resting levels.
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SUMMARY Strength-training program designs for muscle hypertrophy, strength, or endurance all require external loads to enhance muscular force production. Progressive loading will improve motor-unit recruitment and increase muscle potential to generate a maximal force; progressive accumulation of repetitions will train a muscle to generate a lower level of force over an extended period of time. Program-design variables are applied consistent with the standard application of training for increasing hypertrophy, enhancing endurance, or improving strength. Exercise selection is dictated by the client’s specific goals and needs; resistance can be applied through a number of different options. Regardless of the exercise selected or the type of load used, the focus during load training is on increasing the ability of a muscle to generate force against an external resistance.