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Description : How are characteristics of one generation passed to the next? How can individuals of the same species and even siblings have different characteristics?

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Slide 1-

Principles of Genetics Arman Q. Egos, L. Agr., MSc Agro (On Progress)
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I. Genetics: The Science of Heredity and Variation Definition of Genetics The beginning of Genetics The Scope of Genetics Application of Genetics
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Objectives At the end of the lesson the students must be able to: Define genetics Elucidate the basic concept of genetics To know the persons behind genetics
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I. Genetics: The Science of Heredity and Variation How are characteristics of one generation passed to the next? How can individuals of the same species and even siblings have different characteristics?
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Definition of Genetics What is genetics? -“Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes onto their children.” (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002048. htm)
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Definition of Genetics What does that mean? –Children inherit their biological parents’ genes that express specific traits, such as some physical characteristics, natural talents, and genetic disorders.
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Some Terminologies in Genetics Gene - a unit of inheritance that usually is directly responsible for one trait or character. Each individual has two genes for each trait, one comes from dad and the other from mom. Allele - alternate forms of a gene. Usually there are two alleles for every gene, sometimes there are more than two alleles present in population – termed multiple alleles
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Some Terminologies in Genetics Homozygous - when the two alleles are the same Heterozygous - when the two alleles are different Dominant - a trait (allele) that is expressed irregardless of the second allele Recessive - a trait that is only expressed when the second allele is the same (e.g. short plants are homozygous for the recessive allele)
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Some Terminologies in Genetics Punnett square - probability diagram illustrating the possible offspring of a mating male genes on top of columns and female traits on side of rows
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The beginning of Genetics Although scientific evidence for patterns of genetics inheritance did not appear until Mendel’s work, History shows that humankind just have been interested in heredity long before the dawn of civilization. The history of genetics includes following important milestones and work of scientists.
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Gregor Mendel(1866) Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel published the results of his experiments with pea plants. His work later provided the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics.
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Johann Friedrich Miescher (1869) Swiss biocheiist Johann Friedrich Miescher became the first to isolate nuclein, now known as DNA. Although he developed hypotheses explaining the role of nuclein in heredity, he ultimately concluded that one molecule alone could not provide the level of variation observed in nature within and between species.
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Hugo de Vries, Carl Erich Correns and Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg (1900) Mendel's experiments were rediscovered independently by Dutch botanist and geneticist Hugo de Vries, German botanist and geneticist Carl Erich Correns, and Austrian botanist Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg, giving rise to the modern science of genetics.
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Frederick Griffith (1928) English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith conducted experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetics information and that such transformation is heritable.
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Harriet B. Creighton and Barbara McClintock (1931) American scientists Harriet B. Creighton and Barbara McClintock published a paper demonstrating that new allelic combinations of linked genes are correlated with physically exchanged chromosome parts. Their findings suggested that chromosomes form the basis of genetics.
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Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod (1944) Canadian-born American bacteriologist Oswald Avery and American biologists Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod reported that the transforming substance— the genetics material of the cell—was DNA.
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Erwin Chargaf (1950) Austrian-born American biochemist Erwin Chargaf discovered that the components of DNA are paired in a 1:1 ratio. Thus, the amount of adenine (A) is always equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) is always equal to the amount of cytosine (C).
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Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Raymond Gosling (1951) British scientists Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Raymond Gosling conducted X-ray diffraction studies that provided images of the helical structure of DNA fibers.
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James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) Using Chargaff's data and the X-ray images recorded by Franklin, Wilkins, and Gosling, British biophysicists James Watson and Francis Crick determined the molecular structure of DNA. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discovery.
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Werner Arber, Hamilton Othanel Smith and Daniel Nathans (1960s) Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber and American microbiologists Hamilton Othanel Smith and Daniel Nathans discovered restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA into fragments. The discovery, for which the three men shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, enabled scientists to manipulate genes by removing and inserting DNA sequences.
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Allan M. Maxam, Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger (1970s) American molecular biologists Allan M. Maxam and Walter Gilbert and English biochemist Frederick Sanger developed some of the first techniques for DNA sequencing. Gilbert and Sanger shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their work.
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Kary B. Mullis (1983) American biochemist Kary B. Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a simple technique that allows a specific stretch of DNA to be copied billions of ties in a few hours. Mullis received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his invention.
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The Scope of Genetics Genetics in Agriculture Genetics in Medicine Genetics in Evolution
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Genetics in Agriculture The contribution of genetics in the field of agriculture is remarkable in two ways, In the improvement of crop plants and In the improvement of domestic animals. Improvement of Crop Plants: Various principles and methods of genetics have been applied for the development of plants useful to mankind. Controlled hybridization and artificial selection have increased usefulness of many plants.
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Genetics in Agriculture Such applications include improvement in: Yield Quality Maturity duration Resistance to insects, diseases, salinity, drought, frost, lodging, etc. Adaptability
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Genetics in Agriculture Improvement of Domestic Animals: The usefulness of many domestic animals has been increased due to selective breeding. The milk production in cows and buffaloes, meat production in sheep’s, goats and pigs and egg production capacity in poultry have been significantly improved through the application of genetic principles. Moreover, many improved breeds of pet animals like horse, dogs, cats, pigeon and rabbits have been developed all over the world.
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Genetics in Medicine The advancements made in the field of genetics have been useful in the field of Medicine in two main ways as given below: Detection of Hereditary Diseases Now hereditary diseases can be detected at an early stage of life when it is possible to provide secondary cures in some cases. Reined techniques such as amniocentesis (fetus test) and fetoscopy have made such cures possible. Moreover, genetics diseases can be prevented by advising future parents with the help of family pedigrees.
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Genetics in Medicine Production of Antibiotics Special genetic strains of fungi and bacteria have been isolated to greatly increase the yields of antibiotics and other drugs. Besides these, genetics also helps in settling the disputed case of children through blood group studies.
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Genetics in Evolution Both natural and artificial selections have been responsible for evolution of various crop plants. However, selection is effective when sufficient amount of variability exists in the population in which selection has to be practiced. Three genetic methods have played significant role in the evolution of various crop plants by inducing additional genetic variability. Polyploidy Introgression Mutagenesis
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Application of Genetics Characterization and diagnosis of genetic disease Identification of pathogenic mutations Preserving biodiversity Identification and characterization of microbes Studying inheritance pattern
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Application of Genetics Creating advanced plant species Creating genetically modified organisms DNA fingerprinting Antibiotic resistance study and drug discovery Genetic/DNA medicines
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Application of Genetics Genetic engineering Crop improvement Animal and Plant Breeding program Infectious disease diagnosis Screening, prognosis, and diagnosis of cancer
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References Muhammad, Ahmed History and scope of genetics retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/MuhammadAhmed489/history-and-scope-of-genetics Dr Tushar Chauhan What is Genetics?- Definition, History, Applications and Branches retrieved from https://geneticeducation.co.in/what-is-genetics-definition-history-applications-and-branches/#Applications_of_genetic_studies Heredity: Inheritance & Variation of Traits retrieved from https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/heredity-inheritance-variation-of-traits/