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Pneumonia: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations PowerPoint Presentation

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J. Matthew Velkey, PhD Department of Cell Biology Duke University School of Medicine Andrew Alspaugh, MD Department of Medicine Infectious Disease Division Duke University School of Medicine Pneumonia: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations 2
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Learning Objectives Recognize the epidemiology and morbidity of pneumonia Define pneumonia and types of lower respiratory tract infections Understand features involved in the pathophysiology of pneumonia Recognize the entity known as Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Appreciate the spectrum of pneumonia clinical presentation Identify common complications of pneumonia 3
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Pneumonia is common and serious 4 5.6 million cases in US in 2011(1) 2nd leading cause of hospitalization in US (1.1 million admissions in US)(1) ~20% of patients with pneumonia require hospitalization 6th leading cause of death in US in 2011 (~60,000 deaths)(1) ~10% of patients with pneumonia die Variations in rates of disease: (1) Anevlavis S; Bouros D (2010). Expert Opin Pharmacother 11 (3): 361–74. More common in children and older adults (overall rate for 18-49 yo is ~5 per 1000 overall rate for >65 yo is 75 per 1000 ) Higher rates in winter months More common in men More common in African Americans compared to Caucasians
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Lower respiratory and pleural disease 5 Pneumonia -- infection of alveoli (viral or bacterial) vs. Pneumonitis -- immune-mediated inflammation of alveoli Bronchitis -- inflammation of bronchi, may be immune-mediated, e.g. asthma, COPD, or infectious (usually viral but can be bacterial) Empyema: purulent exudate in the pleural cavity Abscess: circumscribed collection of pus within the lung parenchyma Bronchiolitis: inflammation of bronchioles (often viral but can be bacterial)
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PNEUMONIA: CLEARANCE vs. COLONIZATION Microbes constantly enter airways but many factors prevent colonization: mucous entrapment ciliary clearance immune surveillance intact epithelial barrier secreted factors such as: secretory IgA surfactant proteins (SP-a, SP-d) defensins 6 Disrupting or overwhelming these defense mechanisms can allow microbes to colonize the lungs, resulting in PNEUMONIA
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Factors favoring colonization 7 Disruption of mucociliary clearance: airway obstruction (CF, COPD, chronic bronchitis, neoplasm) ciliary dysfunction (Kartagener, smoking, ciliostatic factors) Disruption of intact epithelial barrier: injury (e.g. pulmonary edema, intubation) or infection (e.g. viral respiratory infection such as influenza) Increasing “inoculation” events: altered consciousness debility dysphagia intubation bacteremia Decreasing immune function: immune suppression (transplant, HIV) evading host immunity (IgA proteases, encapsulation)
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Effects and patterns of microbial colonization: where and how inflammation appears can be informative 8 Alveolar In alveolar lumen Purulent exudate of RBCs and PMNs Interstitial Mostly in alveolar wall Mononuclear WBCs Fibrinous exudate Lobar pneumonia lobar distribution “typical” CAP S. pneumo, H. flu. Bronchopneumonia patchy distribution aspiration, intubation, bronchiectasis Staph, enterics, Pseudomonas Atypical pneumonia diffuse infiltrate w/ perihilar concentration Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila, Legionella Respiratory viruses, e.g. influenza
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Community-Acquired Pneumonia Infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired from exposure in the community Classically divided into “typical” and “atypical” syndromes: “Typical” CAP: presents with “typical” severe, acute infection infectious agent (usually S. pneumo or H. flu) is culturable/ identifiable responsive to cell-wall active antibiotics “Atypical” CAP: presentation is usually sub-acute causative pathogens are difficult to culture/identify by standard methods not responsive to penicillins 9
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Typical CAP presentation History Previously healthy with sudden onset of fever and shortness of breath Physical signs and symptoms fever tachycardia tachypnea productive cough with purulent sputum and possible hemoptysis pallor and cyanosis localized: dullness to percussion decreased breath sounds crackles , ronchi , egophony (“E” -to-”A” change) Investigations CXR showing lobar consolidation CBC showing leukocytosis w/ left shift Sputum sample contains neutrophils, RBCs; Gram stain may be positive depending on organism 10
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Typical CAP presentation History Previously healthy with sudden onset of fever and shortness of breath Physical signs and symptoms fever tachycardia tachypnea productive cough with purulent sputum and possible hemoptysis pallor and cyanosis localized: dullness to percussion decreased breath sounds crackles, ronchi, egophony (“E-to-A” change) Investigations CXR showing lobar consolidation CBC showing leukocytosis w/ left shift Sputum sample contains neutrophils, RBCs; Gram stain may be positive depending on organism 11
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Typical CAP presentation History Previously healthy with sudden onset of fever and shortness of breath Physical signs and symptoms fever tachycardia tachypnea productive cough with purulent sputum and possible hemoptysis pallor and cyanosis localized: dullness to percussion decreased breath sounds crackles, ronchi, egophony (“E-to-A” change) Investigations CXR showing lobar consolidation CBC showing leukocytosis w/ left shift Sputum sample contains neutrophils, RBCs; Gram stain may be positive depending on organism 12
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Atypical CAP Presentation 32 YO healthy patient – one week of low grade fever, sore throat, and intractable cough Minimal sputum production Able to continue to work No sick contacts, recent travel, or evidence of altered immune system PE reveals a mildly ill-appearing patient with diffuse wheezes on lung exam Primary care physician prescribes empiric antibiotics for CAP with complete resolution “Walking pneumonia” syndrome 13
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Pleural effusion inflammation leads to exudation of fluid into pleural space can compromise lung function Empyema purulent exudate in pleural space necrosis/breakdown of visceral pleura and/or spread of infection into pleura Pleural adhesions, lung fibrosis 14 Complications of pneumonia
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Abscess / cavitary lesion circumscribed focus of liquefactive necrosis within lung tissue associated with necrotizing Staph or Strep infections or Gram-neg rods (e.g. aspiration) 15 Complications of pneumonia
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Credits: Pneumonia 16 Location of item (slide #5): "Respiratory system complete no labels" by Bibi Saint-Pol - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_no_labels.svg#/media/File:Respiratory_system_complete_no_labels.svg Location of item (slide #5): "Diagram showing a build up of fluid in the lining of the lungs (pleural effusion) CRUK 054" by Cancer Research UK - Original email from CRUK. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_a_build_up_of_fluid_in_the_lining_of_the_lungs_(pleural_effusion)_CRUK_054.svg#/media/File:Diagram_showing_a_build_up_of_fluid_in_the_lining_of_the_lungs_(pleural_effusion)_CRUK_054.svg Location of item (slide #5): Bronchitis illustration: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bronchitis.jpg -- This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code. Location of item (slide #6): color illustration of upper and lower airway anatomy. Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine.DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. - Own work Location of item (slide #6): illustration of upper airway defense mechanisms. http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=59560_rr25-1&req=4. Figure 1 from Bals, R. Epithelial antimicrobial peptides in host defense against infection. Respir Res. 2000; 1: 141-50. doi:10.1186/rr25
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Credits (continued): Pneumonia 17 Location of item (slide #6): illustration of alveolar defense mechanisms. http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nri1528_F1.html. Figure 1 from Wright, JR. Immunoregulatory functions of surfactant proteins. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005; 5: 58-68. doi:10.1038/nri1528 Location of item (slide #7): color illustrations of alveolar and interstitial inflammation, lobar, bronchial, and interstitial patterns of pneumonia. http://quizlet.com/27416956/pulmonary-pathology-and-pathophysiology-flash-cards/. Contributors to Quizlet.com warrant that the downloading, copying and use of the content will not infringe the proprietary rights, including but not limited to the copyright, patent, trademark or trade secret rights, of any third party. Location of item (slide #7 and slide #12): chest x-ray of lobar pneumonia. http://biomarker.cdc.go.kr/biomarker/diseaseimg/pneumonia-Community_acquired.jpg Location of item (slide #7): chest x-ray of bronchopneumonia. http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopicSeg&topic_id=118&seg_id=2306 Location of item (slide #7): chest x-ray of interstitial (atypical) pneumonia. http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopicSeg&topic_id=118&seg_id=2306 Location of item (slide #11): illustration of CAP patient. RWJF Pneumonia Module Springboard Video.
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Credits (continued): Pneumonia 18 Location of item (slide #11): crackles sound clip: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crackles_pneumoniaO.ogg; ronchi sound clip: http://www.easyauscultation.com/cases?coursecaseorder=5&courseid=201; normal “E” lung sound: http://www.easyauscultation.com/cases?coursecaseorder=4&courseid=202; egophony lung sound (“E” to “A” change): http://www.easyauscultation.com/cases.aspx?coursecaseorder=5&courseid=202 Location of item (slide #13): Gram Stain of a film of sputum from a case of lobar pneumonia. CDC Location of item (slide #14 & 15): Chest X-ray of atypical pneumonia. Dr. Mike Malinzak. Duke University. Dept. of Radiology. Location of item (slide #16): Chest X-ray of HAP. Dr. Mike Malinzak. Duke University. Dept. of Radiology. Location of item (slide #17): "Diagram showing a build up of fluid in the lining of the lungs (pleural effusion) CRUK 054" by Cancer Research UK - Original email from CRUK. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_a_build_up_of_fluid_in_the_lining_of_the_lungs_(pleural_effusion)_CRUK_054.svg#/media/File:Diagram_showing_a_build_up_of_fluid_in_the_lining_of_the_lungs_(pleural_effusion)_CRUK_054.svg Location of item (slide #18): "CT chest in pneumonia with abscesses caverns and effusions d0" by Christaras A - Own work from anonmyized dicom image. Licensed under CC BY 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CT_chest_in_pneumonia_with_abscesses_caverns_and_effusions_d0.jpg#/media/File:CT_chest_in_pneumonia_with_abscesses_caverns_and_effusions_d0.jpg Location of item (slide #18): "Abscess" by Yale Rosen - http://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/3679097009/. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abscess.jpg#/media/File:Abscess.jpg