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ONTARIO BASE HOSPITAL GROUP ADVANCED ASSESSMENT Nervous System 2007 Ontario Base Hospital Group QUIT
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ADVANCED ASSESSMENT Nervous System AUTHORS Mike Muir AEMCA, ACP, BHSc Paramedic Program Manager Grey-Bruce-Huron Paramedic Base Hospital Grey Bruce Health Services, Owen Sound Kevin McNab AEMCA, ACP Quality Assurance Manager Huron County EMS REVIEWERS/CONTRIBUTORS Rob Theriault EMCA, RCT(Adv.), CCP(F) Peel Region Base Hospital Donna L. Smith AEMCA, ACP Hamilton Base Hospital 2007 Ontario Base Hospital Group
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Nervous System Divisions
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Central Nervous System
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Largest most complex mass of nervous tissue Divisions of the Brain: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem Other structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, meninges Brain
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Brain
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Largest part of the brain divided into left and right hemispheres One more dominant than the other, connected by Corpus Callosum Cerebral Cortex- outer layer of grey matter (unmyelinated) Cerebral Medulla-white matter (myelinated) 4 Distinct Lobes of Cerebrum Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital Interprets Sensory Impulses, Controls Voluntary Muscles, Memory, Thought, Reasoning Cerebrum
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Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
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Controls posture and fine muscle control Cerebellum
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3 layers of protection of brain and spinal cord Outermost to inner Dura matter Arachoid Pia matter Meninges
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Brain Stem
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Consists of: 1) Midbrain Just below cerebellum Connects cerebrum to lower brain centers 2) Pons Located between Mid brain and Medulla Conduction network between spinal cord and brain Part of respiratory center Brain Stem
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3) Medulla Oblongata Enlargement of the cord as it enters the cranial nerve through the foramen magnum Cardiac Center (controls heart rate) Vasomotor Center (control of blood vessel diameter) Respiratory Center(functions with Pons to regulate rate, depth and rhythmicity of breathing Vomiting Illness or injury affecting Medulla can result in death due to compromise of vital control center Brain Stem
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Continues from Medulla approx 45 cm to level of L1 Same protective coverings as brain Spinal Cord
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Cauda Equina
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Pia Arachnoid Dura Around the spinal cord
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Reticular Activating System Collection of neurons responsible for wakefulness RAS
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Fluid mostly made up of water that circulates in subarachnoid space around brain and spinal cord Acts as a cushion to protect brain and spinal cord Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Receives 16% of total cardiac output and utilizes 20% of total oxygen consumption Supplied through carotid arteries 10 sec reserve of oxygen Brain relies on a constant supply of glucose as well as oxygen Prolonged hypoglycemia can result in brain death Blood supply drained by jugular veins Blood Supply to Brain
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Broken into Somatic and Autonomic 1) Somatic Nervous System Conscious control (willed movements) Somatic nerves are in two groups: spinal and cranial nerves Spinal Nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Peripheral Nervous System
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Cranial Nerves 12 Cranial Nerves 2) Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Peripheral Nervous System
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1) Transmission of nerve impulses 2) Interpretation 3) Storage (memory) Functions of Nervous Tissue
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Interconnected Functions: 1. Receptors Nerve endings that respond to environmental stimulus 2. Sensory Input Transmit information into command center 3. Integration Center Interprets signal and formulates response 4. Motor Output Transmits response to periphery 5. Effectors Performs commands from integration center 1 2 3 4 5 Nervous System Function
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Relay impulses from various areas of the body to spinal cord and brain Send messages from brain and spinal cord to all compartments of the body Neurons
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Afferent (sensory): carry impulses toward brain and spinal cord from tissues and organs Efferent (motor): carry impulses away from brain and spinal cord Interneurons: exclusive to brain and spinal cord are inter or association neurons Divided into 2 Types
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Spinal Nerve Neuron Types
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Anatomy of the Nerve
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1) Dendrite: receives information, conveyed to cell body 2) Cell Body: contains nucleus 3) Axon: carries information away from cell body Neurons Made Up of Three Parts
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Motor (efferent nerve fibers) differ in peripheral nervous system Somatic: one neuron Autonomic: two neurons
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Nervous tissue has property of Excitability (responds to change in environment) Conductivity (transmits nerve impulses) Resting neuron has a potential to depolarize A stimulus changes the neurons permeability to sodium allowing a rush of sodium into nerve cell (depolarizing cell) This action is conveyed along the whole nerve fiber (all or none principal) Excitability and Conductivity
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SYNAPTIC CLEFT: Space between one neuron and (presynaptic neuron) and the dendrite of an adjacent neuron (postsynaptic neuron) At the end of each presynaptic neuron are tiny sacs called vesicles, each containing a chemical neurotransmitter When an action potential (wave of depolarization) reaches the end of the presynaptic neuron the vesicals move to the surface of the axon membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft This neurotransmitter will fill the cleft and continue the wave of depolarization of postsynaptic neuron Cleft between neurons and effector organs have same principal Synaptic Transmission of a Nerve Impulse
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Reflex = Negative Feedback
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Paired Numbered from front to back of brain Usually named for area served Sensory – general and special senses Motor – voluntary and autonomic Mixed Cranial Nerves
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Olfactory Optic Occulomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens facial Vestibulocochlear/auditory Glossopharyngeal Vagus spinal accessory Hypoglossal Cranial Nerves
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31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal Lumbar and sacral form cauda equina Spinal Nerves
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C1-C4 Skin and muscles of neck and shoulders Diaphragm Phrenic nerve – diaphragm (from C3, C4, and C5) Injury below C5 – breathing continues Spinal Nerves - Cervical Plexus
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C5-C8, T1 Skin and muscles of the arm Axillary – muscles of shoulder Radial – back of arm, forearm, hand, thumb, 2 fingers (wrist drop) Medial –forearm, hand (carpal tunnel) Ulnar – wrist and hand muscles (claw hand) Spinal Nerves - Brachial Plexus
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T12, L1-5, S1-4 Lower torso and legs Sciatic Nerve – back of leg, buttocks Femoral – lower abdomen, front of thigh, medial leg & foot Peroneal – Lateral leg, foot Tibial – back of leg, foot Spinal Nerves - Lumbosacral Plexus
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Acetylcholine & epinephrine Neurons that release Acetylcholine are cholinergic Neurons that release epinephrine are called adrenergic Autonomic Neurotransmitters
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Parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic neurons are cholinergic Sympathetic preganglionic are also cholinergic Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons are adrenergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic
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Sympathetic axon collaterals bridge between adjacent ganglia This occurs in the same side of vertebral column Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
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3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar and 4 sacral 22 Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
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Some of the neurons pass the celiac ganglion and goes to adrenal medulla. There they synapse with modified neurons that produce epinephrine and norepinephrine Adrenal Medulla
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Alpha1 – Blood Vessels Vasoconstriction Alpha2 – Presynaptic neuron – eliminates further release of Norepinepherine. Beta1 – Heart - increases contractility and heart rate Beta2 – Lungs, Skeletal Muscle - dilation Adrenergic Receptors
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Has two main types of receptors Alpha and beta receptors are the main types They both have some subtypes Norepinephrine
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Is different on organs based on type of the receptor Epinephrine that comes from the adrenal medulla prolongs its effect Norepinephrine Effect
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Occurs by means of two enzymes mao and comt It happens slower than deactivation of Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Deactivation
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Their cell bodies are in the ganglion near the effector organ They usually synapse with one postganglionic neuron Parasympathetic Neurons
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Restores vegetative function Slows body functions Heart rate Speeds up body functions GI Motility Parasympathetic Effect
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Acetycholinesterase Occurs in synaptic cleft Acetylcholine Deactivation
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NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES
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Myasthenia Gravis Bell’s Palsy Guillian-Barre Syndrome Parkinson’s Disease Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis Meningitis Nervous System Diseases
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Knowing a basic knowledge of some of these Diseases will help us understand the problems our patients are having Can anticipate and be ready for complications Prepare equipment Understand the frustrations patients have with the progression of their disease Better understanding of the disease process Ultimately better treatment and understanding Why Do We Need to Know About Those Diseases???
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MYASTHENIA GRAVIS PNS
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Myasthenia Gravis Auto immune neuromuscular disorder Shows signs of muscle weakness of voluntary muscles: occulomotor, facial, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and RESPIRATORY There is a 70-89% reduction in Acetylcholine receptors per each post synaptic cleft…therefore muscle weakness Improves with rest and drug administration (anti-cholinesterase meds)
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Drooping eyelids Double vision Slurred speech Nasal quality to speech Inability to speak Drooling Nasal regurgitation Weak cough Problems chewing and swallowing (choking) Trouble sitting up/holding head erect Trouble walking Feeling SOB Signs and Symptoms
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Myasthenic Crisis (insufficient acetylcholine) Cholinergic Crisis (SLUDGE) due to an overdose of med’s Pneumonia Sepsis Complications related to immobility Respiratory Distress Choking Complications
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BELL’S PALSY
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Comes on rapidly 15-60 years old Effects 7th cranial nerve Causes unilateral or bilateral facial weakness Majority of patients have full recovery Bell’s Palsy
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Infection Hemorrhage Tumor Meningitis Local trauma Blockage of 7th Cranial Nerve By:
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Unilateral facial weakness Aching pain around angle of jaw/behind ear Headache Tearing Unilateral mouth drooling and drooping Inability to control facial expression in smiling, squinting, blinking/closing eyelid Loss of sensation of taste (front 2/3rds) Signs and Symptoms
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Corneal ulceration and blindness Impaired nutrition Long-term psycho social problems Complications
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GUILLIAN-BARRE SYNDROME
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Acute syndrome characterized by widespread inflammation or demyelination of ascending/descending nerves in the peripheral nervous system (conduction) Causes weakness, paralysis Muscles unable to respond to commands sent from brain due to decreased conduction Guillian-Barre Syndrome
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Unknown >50% patients had non-specific infection 10-14 days prior to GBS symptoms (possible sensitized lymphocytes may produce demyelination) Which causes decrease conduction Cause
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Saltatory Conduction Myelinated fibers The action potential jumps around the insulating myelin rapidly Increases conduction times Normal Myelinated Nerve
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Demyelination delays nerve conduction Therefore decreasing conduction times Muscles are unable to respond to commands sent from the brain Fewer incoming sensory signals to be interpreted as heat, pain, etc. Demyelinated Nerve Segments
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Lower extremity weakness leads to upper extremity and facial weakness Sensory and motor loss Complete paralysis with respiratory failure within 48 hours (33% of GBS patients need to be intubated) Paralysis can progress in 2-3 weeks (30% quadriplegics, 30% bed bound) Signs and Symptoms
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic involvement leads to : Hypertension Hypotension Dysrhythmias Circulatory collapse Continued
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Cardiac failure Respiratory failure Infection and sepsis Venous thrombosis Pulmonary embolus Complications
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PARKINSON’S DISEASE Parkinsonism
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Mainly a disease of movement Progressive disease becoming worse over 10 years Parkinson’s Disease
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Our brain (basal ganglia) directs all of our movements It uses many chemicals to transmit messages Dopamine, acetylcholine, Norepinephrine In the basal ganglia the most important chemical for the transmission of messages is Dopamine Parkinson’s Disease
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In Parkinson’s, cells that produce Dopamine die off The remaining cells can’t relay information from cell to cell therefore causing the signs and symptoms of this disease. Cause
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Muscle rigidity and akinesia Jerky tremor (begins in fingers) Difficulty walking due to akinesia High pitched monotone voice, drooling Mask like facial expression Loss of posture control Difficulty speaking/swallowing Decreases with purposeful movement and sleep Signs and Symptoms
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AMYOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS aka...Lou Gehrig’s Disease
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Terminal neurological disorder Progressive degeneration of nerve cells in spinal cord and brain Does not effect mental functioning or senses such as hearing or seeing Not contagious No cure Age group 40-70 years old 50% of patients die within 18 months Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis
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A- without Myo- muscle Tropic- nourishment Lateral- side (of spinal cord) Sclerosis- hardening/scaring Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis
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Unknown Theory- excess of a neurotransmitter called Glutamate, clogs the synapse of the nerve cell not allowing a neural impulse to be transmitted. Cause
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Twitching and cramping of muscles(hands/ feet) Loss of motor control in hands and arms Increased weakness in diaphragm and chest muscles Tripping and falling Persistent fatigue Slurred/thick speech As the disease progresses: Difficulty breathing & swallowing Paralysis Cardiac arrhythmia Pneumonia Respirator arrest Signs and Symptoms
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MENINGITIS
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Meningitis
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Inflammation of the meninges due to: Bacteria Viruses Trauma Lumbar puncture Ventricular shunting procedure Fungi Parasites Other toxins Meningitis
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Bacterial Most common Can lead to death Viral Aseptic Develop post variety of viral infection If found early—treatment with antibodies = prognosis good Meningitis
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Involves pia-arachnoid layers, subaracnoid space and ventricular system Bacteria enters which causes an inflammatory response, thickening the CSF Decreases flow causing an obstruction of arachnoid villi Causing Hydrocephalus and increased ICP Meningitis
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Severe headache Increased temperature (bacterial) Decreased LOA to stupor to coma Malaise Confusion, agitation Photophobia Skin rash with petechial hemorrhage (meningococcal meningitis) Cerebral edema Hydrocephalus Nuchal rigidity (positive Brudzinski’s and Kernig’s signs) Signs and Symptoms
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Increased ICP Hydrocephalus Cerebral infarction Cranial nerve deficits Brain abcess Visual impairment Seizures Endocarditis Deafness Intellectual deficits Complications
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Kernig’s and Brudzinski’s Sign
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ONTARIO BASE HOSPITAL GROUP Ontario Base Hospital Group Self-directed Education Program Well Done! START QUIT