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Pedigree Analysis and Developmental Genetics PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Genetics, which is titled "Pedigree Analysis & Developmental Genetics", to learn why gene regulation is fundamental to development.

Tags : Genetics, Pedigree Analysis, Developmental Genetics, gene regulation, development

Published on : Aug 29, 2021 | Views : 1613 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Pedigree Analysis & Developmental Genetics
Slide 2-

The Story of ‘Eve’ This example illustrates why gene regulation is fundamental to development The Players Drosophila embryo Even-skipped gene Regulatory proteins Bicoid Hunchback Giant Kruppel
Slide 3-

The setup In Drosophila, the fertilized egg initially performs many rounds of mitosis without cell division - resulting in a cell with many nuclei The embryo is 400 um long and 160 um wide It has anterior (that will eventually develop into the head) and a posterior (that will develop into the abdomen)
Slide 4-

Act 1 Removing the cytoplasm from the anterior will result in the failure to develop a head Replacing this cytoplasm with some taken from the posterior of another embryo will result in an embryo with two tails
Slide 5-

08_16_anterior_posteri.jpg
Slide 6-

Act 2 Labeling of the 4 proteins - Bicoid, Hunchback, Giant, Kruppel with fluorescent dyes reveals that they are not randomly located inside the cell.
Slide 7-

08_17_4.gene.reg.prot.jpg
Slide 8-

Act 2 continued The nuclei are therefore bathed in differing concentrations of these four proteins - depending on their position in the cell.
Slide 9-

Act 3 Even-skipped - ‘EVE’ It is a master regulatory gene whose product is a master regulatory protein This genes’ promoter region has the ability to bind to all four of the regulatory proteins
Slide 10-

Act 4 The Reporter A reporter gene is an artificial DNA construct used to reveal information Lac Z reporter gene is used extensively GAL (b-galactosidase) - Hydrolyzes colorless galactosides to yield colored products. Attach different parts of the promoter region of the ‘eve’ gene to LacZ to determine if that region is bound and activated by proteins.
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08_18_reporter.gene.jpg Isolate the different regions from the promoter and test in embryo.
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08_19_eve.stripe.2.jpg The same STRIPE 2 region actually has binding sites for all four of regulatory proteins - Bicoid and Hunchback are activators of this region and Giant and Kruppel are repressors.
Slide 13-

Curtain The regulatory region of ‘Eve’ extends more than 20,000 bp It is thought to bind more than 20 different proteins It is very sensitive to the position of the gene (nucleus) within the developing giant cell The different concentrations of the different proteins impact on the expression of ‘Eve’
Slide 14-

Gene Expression Regions huge distances from the gene have an effect on the activation (or repression) of that gene These regions bind proteins that then interact, by DNA looping, with the local promoter regions A combination effect is seen - and thus the term combinatorial control is used
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08_15_Reg. proteins.jpg
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Combinatorial control Not just by how much are genes regulated but also when. It is akin to an orchestra….
Slide 17-

08_24_chromatin.state.jpg Inactive genes are kept inactive by regulatory proteins bound to the DNA
Slide 18-

08_25_eye.on.leg.jpg Activation of the wrong regulator can have devastating effects
Slide 19-

Pedigree Analysis Great Primer on the lab section of the website Link