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Parasites So What PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical titled "Parasites, so what?” by Dr. Tom Craig.

This medical is about parasites, organisms that live on or within another organism, known as the host, and depend on the host for their survival. Parasites come in many different forms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and multicellular organisms like worms and arthropods.

Parasites can cause a variety of diseases and health problems in their hosts, ranging from mild discomfort to serious illness and even death. Some common examples of parasitic infections include malaria, giardiasis, tapeworm infestations, and Lyme disease.

Parasites can be transmitted through a variety of means, including contaminated food or water, insect bites, sexual contact, and direct contact with infected individuals or animals. Prevention and treatment of parasitic infections typically involve measures such as good hygiene practices, avoiding contaminated food and water sources, and the use of medications to kill or control the parasites.

Tags : Parasites, parasitic infections, malaria, giardiasis, tapeworm infestations, Lyme disease, Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease

Published on : Jun 01, 2023 | Views : 1546 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Parasitescritters in or critters
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Parasites, so what? Dr. Tom Craig Department Veterinary Pathobiology Texas A&M University
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Who are parasites? Eukaryotic organisms that live in or on a host and may cause disease Arthropods: ticks, mites, flies, fleas, lice Helminths: nematodes (cylindrical or round worms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes) Protozoa: amoeba, flagellates, ciliates, apicomplexa Lets find out about them
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Arthropods
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Helminths
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Protozoa
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Parasites live on or in a host A host is a animal that provides a living for a parasite: the host could be a pig, a person or poultry Parasites are specific : which species of host, where in or on the body they live, how they make a living, what kind of damage they do Hosts may tolerate parasites, become resistant to, co-exist with, or suffer from and even die because of them Infection with parasites does not mean disease! Disease occurs with excessive numbers of parasites The numbers required to cause disease varies with host, parasite, and environment
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Life cycles : the essence of parasitology The steps from one generation to the next: Where? What do they look like? What do they do? How they make a living and what happens to the host How do they survive? Inside and away from the host What can we do to prevent disease?
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How do we know if there are parasites present Look for parasites: Ectoparasites may be readily seen or you may have to scrape the skin Internal parasites release their reproductive products into the blood, urine or feces; Microscopic evaluation after separation of parasitic reproductive products from host Postmortem examination looking in specific tissues for presence of parasites Evidence of past or present infection: Looking for antibodies, changes in serum chemistry, parasite secretions
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For diagnosis of parasites you need to answer three things 1. Host: What is the species, sex and age of host 2. Parasite: Are we looking for something grossly visible or microscopic , where do we look? Organ, tissue or what comes from them 3. Environment: Where does the host live and make a living? Climate, time of year, food intake, where they rest, who else lives there
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Ixodidae- hard tickAmblyomma americana Soil Small mammal, bird or reptile Small mammal, bird, or reptile Many species of animals
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Argasidae – soft ticks Egg environment Found in environment of poultry Adult Larva Nymph
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OTOBIUS MEGNINI nymphs ventral dorsal Deep in ear canal of cattle and anyone else handy
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Otodectes - ear mite Eggs Larva Nymph Adult Found on the surface of the cat ear canal
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Sarcoptes scabei - mite Egg Larva Nymph Adult Found in the skin of many animal species (dogs, pigs, people)
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demodex canis - mite Adult Egg Larvae Larva Found in hair follicles of dogs Egg
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Premise flies: Musca domestica Stomoxys calcitrans house fly stable fly
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Pasture flies: Haematobia irritans (horn fly) ~1/8" long - half the size of a house or stable fly palps almost as long as proboscis
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Gasterophilus intestinalis- bot fly of horse Egg Horse hair Larva Horse Tongue and Stomach Pupa Pasture Soil Adult female Near horses
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Ctenocephalides felis- cat flea Eggs Hair of cat or dog Larva Floor cracks, rugs, carpets and animal bedding Pupae Silk cocoons Adult Hair of dog or cat
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Anoplura – sucking lice Egg Hair of swine, cattle or others Nymph Skin of swine or cattle Adult Skin of swine or cattle
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Mallophaga - chewing lice Egg on feathers of birds (primarily) or hair of mammals Adult Nymph
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Ancylostoma caninum Eggs Dog feces Larva Dog feces/soil penetrate skin Adults Small intestine of dogs Larva transmitted to pups in milk Anemic Puppy
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Strongylus vulgaris – large strongyle of the horse Eggs Feces of horse Larvae Found in soil, are ingested go to the intestine crawl out of intestine travel to the blood vessels develop for months then return to intestine as adults Adult cecum and colon of horse
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Stephanurus dentatus - kidney worm of swine Egg Passed through urine Adult Once inside, larvae migrate to the liver. Eventually they migrate through the peritoneal cavity and encyst in the perirenal fat near kidneys and mature to adults. Larvae Direct: ingestion or skin penetration of larvae Indirect: earthworms
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Strongyloides westeriintestinal threadworms of horse Egg-adult female lives in small intestines of foals Larvated eggs passed in feces Larva Skin penetration, or passed in milk to young foals Adult female Small intestine of foals
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Dirofilaria immitis-heartwormof dogs Adults Heart Microfilaria Blood Larva Mosquito
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Toxocara canis- round worm of dogs Egg Soil contaminated with feces Egg containing larva eaten by dog Larva Egg hatches canine intestinal tract Larva goes to lungs, then tissues uterus if the dog is pregnant, or mammary glands if host recently whelped Adults Canine intestine where they mate.
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Trichuris vulpis- whipworm Adult Mucosa of cecum and large intestine in dog Larva Penetrate into the intestinal wall of dog, then re-enter the lumen after 2-10 days, then passes down to the dog’s cecum Egg Ingested by dog and hatch in small intestine
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Dipylidium caninum- tapeworm dog and cat Egg basket Dog/Cat feces Adult Dog/cat small intestine Egg ingested by larvae flea
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Taenia pisiformis- dog tapeworm Eggs Eliminated in feces and ingested by a rabbit and hatches in small intestine Larvae Burrows through the intestinal wall and travels to the liver via the blood Proglottids When the dog eats the rabbit they begin to form in the small intestine
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Fasciola hepatica - liver fluke of cattle and sheep Egg Feces Miracidium Cercariae Snail Metacercariae Vegetation Adult Liver
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Giardia intestinalis Cyst Trophozite Found in feces of many animal species
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Isospora- dog and cat protozoa Oocyst Feces Sporulated oocyst environment merogony, gamogony, syngamy in intestinal epithelial cells Sporulated oocyst eaten by dog or cat
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Got parasites what should we do? KILLUM ALL! Maybe not? Control disease, live with the enemy Parasites like bacteria evolve to become resistant to the agents that were very effective against them Parasites stimulate a protective immune response if no exposure no protection
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Use of anthelmintics or pesticides Treat them what needs it A. Sick animals: Disease may be clinical or economic B. At risk animals ie. young animals weaning or making a living from pasture C. Those animals under stress ie. First calf heifers D. When conditions are becoming suitable for transmission ie. high exposure to parasites following wet warm weather conditions E. Those with the most worms (20% of the herd has 80% of the worms) Make sure the drug works where you are using it (worms can’t read the label) .
Slide 37-

Evaluation of Worm Numbers; Egg counts or Anemia Count the number of eggs in a portion of feces expressed in eggs / gram feces > 2,000 treat Anemia: Associated with numbers and persistence of infection with Haemonchus Proportion of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in blood Color of mucous membranes: pink or white guess? FAMACHA color chart
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Selective TreatmentFAMACHA
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Use of anthelmintic combinations Widely used in some countries has been used in US to some success Problem in Australia now uses combination of ivermectin, albendazole and levamisole Will fail unless 100% effective; We have succeeded in producing super Super worms on some farms Super worms are more widely available than refugia worms
Slide 40-

Management procedures to stop, reduce or remove resistant worms from a farm Strategic treatment with effective anthelmintic in winter (lambing or kidding) Use dry lots, annual pastures, crop (hay) aftermath for susceptible animals Have resistant animals harvest pastures after susceptible animals, do not treat these animals as the survivor worms will become the refugia
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BOVINE BABESIOSIS The first dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine Dr. Mark Francis came to Texas because of a tick transmitted parasitic disease "Texas Cattle Fever" Babesia bigemina
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Fever Tick Control Dr. Francis showed killing ticks prevented transmission Dipping cattle every two weeks eradicated ticks by 1940's: they are back! Situation 2012