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PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 5 Mood Disorders Abnormal Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, DSM-5 Update by Ann M. Kring, Sheri L. Johnson, Gerald C. Davison, & John M. Neale © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Chapter Outline Chapter 5: Mood Disorders I. Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders II. Etiology of Mood Disorders III. Treatment of Mood Disorders IV. Suicide © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Mood Disorders Two broad types: Involves only depressive symptoms Involves manic symptoms (bipolar disorders) DSM-5 depressive disorders: Major depressive disorder Persistent depressive disorder Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder DSM-5 Bipolar Disorders: Bipolar I disorder Bipolar II disorder Cyclothymia © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 5.1: Overview of the DSM-5 Mood Disorders © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DSM-5 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder Sad mood OR loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia) Symptoms are present nearly every day, most of the day, for at least 2 weeks Symptoms are distinct and more severe than a normative response to significant loss PLUS four of the following symptoms: Sleeping too much or too little Psychomotor retardation or agitation Poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Episodic Symptoms tend to dissipate over time Recurrent Once depression occurs, future episodes likely Average number of episodes is 4 Subclinical depression Sadness plus 3 other symptoms for 10 days Significant impairments in functioning even though full diagnostic criteria are not met © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DSM-5 Criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder Depressed mood for at least 2 years; 1 year for children/adolescents PLUS 2 other symptoms: Poor appetite or overeating Sleeping too much or too little Poor self-esteem Trouble concentrating or making decisions Feelings of hopelessness Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time Bipoloar disorders are not present © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DSM-5 Criteria for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder In most menstrual cycles during the past year, at least five of the following symptoms were present in the final week before menses and improved within a few days of menses onset: Affective lability Irritability Depressed mood, hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts Anxiety Diminished interest in usual activities Difficulty concentrating Lack of energy Changes in appetite, overeating, or food craving Sleeping too much or too little Subjective sense of being overwhelmed or out of control Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, or bloating © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DSM-5 Criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Severe recurrent temper outbursts, including verbal or behavioral expressions of temper that are out of proportion in intensity or duration to the provocation. Temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level. The temper outbursts tend to occur at least three times per week. Negative mood between temper outbursts most days. These symptoms have been present for at least 12 months and do not clear for more than 3 months at a time. Temper outbursts and negative mood are present in at least two settings (at home, at school, or with peers) and are severe in at least one setting. Age 6 or older (or equivalent developmental level). Onset before age 10. There has never been a distinct period lasting more than 1 day during which elevated mood and at least three other manic symptoms were present. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of major depressive disorder and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder. This diagnosis cannot coexist with oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or bipolar disorder. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Epidemiology and Consequences Depression is common Lifetime prevalence (Kessler et al., 2005): 16.2% MDD 2.5% Dysthymia Twice as common in women as in men Three times as common among people in poverty Prevalence varies across cultures MDD 1.5% in Taiwan 19% in Beirut, Lebanon People who move to the U.S. from Mexico have lower rates than people of Mexican descent who were born in the United States © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Epidemiology and Consequences Symptom variation across cultures Latino cultures Complaints of nerves and headaches Asian cultures Complaints of weakness, fatigue, and poor concentration Smaller distance from equator (longer day length) and higher fish consumption associated with lower rates of MDD Symptom variation across life span Children Stomach and headaches Older adults Distractibility and forgetfulness Co-morbidity 2/3 of those with MDD will also meet criteria for anxiety disorder at some point © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.1: Median Age of MDD Onset by Generation © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Bipolar Disorders Three forms: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymia Mania defining feature of each Differentiated by severity and duration of mania Usually involve episodes of depression alternating with mania Depressive episode required for Bipolar II, but not Bipolar I Mania State of intense elation or irritability Hypomania (hypo = “under”; hyper = “above”) Symptoms of mania but less intense Does not involve significant impairment, mania does © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DSM-5 Criteria for Manic and Hypomanic Episodes Distinctly elevated or irritable mood for most of the day nearly every day Abnormally increased activity and energy At least three of the following are noticeably changed from baseline (four if mood is irritable): Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech Flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing Decreased need for sleep Increased self-esteem; belief that one has special talents, powers, or abilities Distractibility; attention easily diverted Excessive involvement in activities that are likely to have undesirable consequences, such as reckless spending, sexual behavior, or driving For a manic episode: Symptoms last for 1 week or require hospitalization or include psychosis Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment For a hypomanic episode: Symptoms last at least 4 days Clear changes in functioning that are observable to others, but impairment is not marked No psychotic symptoms are present © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DSM-5 Criteria for Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I At least one episode or mania Bipolar II At least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania Cyclothymic disorder (Cyclothymia) Milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder Lasts at least 2 years in adults, 1 year in children/adolescents Numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms Does not meet criteria for mania or major depressive episode Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time Symptoms cause significant distress or impairment © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Epidemiology and Consequences Prevalence rates lower than MDD 1% in U. S.; 0.6% worldwide for Bipolar I 0.4% – 2% for Bipolar II 4% for Cyclothymia Average age of onset in 20s No gender differences in rates of bipolar disorders Women experience more depressive episodes Severe mental illness A third unemployed a year after hospitalization (Harrow et al., 1990) Suicide rates high (Angst et al., 2002) © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 5.2: Subtypes of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.2: Rapid Cycling Subtype of Bipolar Disorder © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders What factors contribute to onset of mood disorders? Neurobiological factors Psychosocial factors © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Neurobiological Factors Genetic factors Heritability estimates 37% MDD (Sullivan et al., 2000) 93% Bipolar Disorder (Kieseppa et al., 2004) Much research in progress to identify specific genes involved but the results of most studies have not been replicated (Kato, 2007) DRD4.2 gene, which influences dopamine function, appears to be related to MDD (Lopez Leon et al., 2005). © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Neurobiological Hypotheses About Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Neurobiological Factors Neurotransmitters (NTs): norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin Original models focused on absolute levels of NTs MDD Low levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin Mania High levels of norepinephrine and dopamine, low levels of serotonin However, medication alters levels immediately, yet relief takes 2-3 weeks New models focus on sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors Dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive in BD but lack sensitivity in MDD Depleting tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, causes depressive symptoms in individuals with personal or family history of depression Individuals who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors (Sobczak et al., 2002) © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.4: Serotonin and Dopamine Pathways © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.5: Drug Action on Synaptic Activity © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Neurobiological Factors Brain Imaging Structural studies Focus on number of or connections among cells Functional activation studies Focus on activity levels © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.6: Key Brain Structures Involved in Mood Disorders © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Neuroendocrine System Overactivity of HPA axis Triggers release of cortisol, stress hormone Amygdala overreactive Findings that link depression to high cortisol levels Cushing’s syndrome Causes oversecretion of cortisol Symptoms include those of depression Injecting cortisol in animals produces depressive symptoms Dexamethasone suppression test Lack of cortisol suppression in people with history of depression © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Social Factors Life events Prospective research 42-67% report a stressful life event in year prior to depression onset e.g., romantic breakup, loss of job, death of loved one Replicated in 12 studies across 6 countries (Brown & Harris, 1989b) Lack of social support may be one reason a stressor triggers depression Interpersonal difficulties High levels of expressed emotion by family member predict relapse Marital conflict also predicts depression Behavior of depressed people often leads to rejection by others Excessive reassurance seeking Few positive facial expressions Negative self-disclosures Slow speech and long silences © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors Why do some people become depressed after a stressful life event and others do not? Social support Neuroticism Cognitive theories © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors Neuroticism Tendency to react with higher levels of negative affect Predicts onset of depression (Jorm et al., 2000) © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Etiology of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors Cognitive theories Beck’s Theory Negative triad: negative view of self, world, future Negative schema: underlying tendency to see the world negatively Negative schema cause cognitive biases: tendency to process information in negative ways Hopelessness Theory Most important trigger of depression is hopelessness Desirable outcomes will not occur Person has no ability to change situation Attributional Style Stable and global attributions can cause hopelessness Rumination Theory A specific way of thinking: tendency to repetitively dwell on sad thoughts (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991) Most detrimental is to brood over causes of events © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.8: Beck’s Theory of Depression © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Hopelessness theory © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 5.5: An Example of Attributions: Why I Failed My GRE Math Exam © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.3: Life Events Interact with Serotonin Transporter Gene to Predict Symptoms of Depression © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Social and Psychological Factors in Bipolar Disorder Triggers of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder appear similar to the triggers of major depressive episodes Negative life events, neuroticism, negative cognitions, expressed emotion, and lack of social support Predictors of mania Reward sensitivity Sleep disruption © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Treatment of Mood Disorders © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Psychological Treatment of Mood Disorders Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) Short-term psychodynamic therapy Focus on current relationships Cognitive therapy Monitor and identify automatic thoughts Replace negative thoughts with more neutral or positive thoughts Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) Strategies, including meditation, to prevent relapse Behavioral activation (BA) therapy Increase participation in positively reinforcing activities to disrupt spiral of depression, withdrawal, and avoidance Behavioral couples therapy Enhance communication and satisfaction © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Example of Cognitive Therapy’s Thought Monitoring/Challenging © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Treatment of Mood Disorders Psychological treatment of bipolar disorder Psychoeducational approaches Provide information about symptoms, course, triggers, and treatments Family-focused treatment (FFT) Educate family about disorder, enhance family communication, improve problem solving © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Biological Treatment of Mood Disorders Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Reserved for treatment non-responders Induce brain seizure and momentary unconsciousness Unilateral ECT Side effects Memory loss ECT more effective than medications Unclear how ECT works Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression (rTMS) Electormagnetic coil placed against scalp For those that fail to respond to first antidepressent © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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ECT © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 5.7: Medications for Treating Mood Disorders © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Biological Treatment of Mood Disorders Published studies may overestimate the effectiveness of medication (Turner et al., 2008) STAR-D (Rush et al., 2006) Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression Attempted to evaluate effectiveness of antidepressants in real-world settings 3671 patients across 41 sites Only 33% achieved full symptom relief with citalopram (the SSRI Celexa) About 30% of non-responders achieved remission with a different anti-depressant © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Research Comparing Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder Combining psychotherapy and antidepressant medications increases odds of recovery over either alone by 10-20% Medications quicker, therapy longer-lasting effects Later studies (Hollon & DeRubeis, 2003) CT as effective as medication for severe depression CT more effective than medication at preventing relapse © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Medications for Bipolar Disorder Lithium Up to 80% receive at least some relief with this mood stabilizer Potentially serious side effect Lithium toxicity Newer mood stabilizers Anticonvulsants Depakote Antipsychotics Zyprexa Both also have serious side effects © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Suicidality © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Key Terms in the Study of Suicidality Suicide ideation: thoughts of killing oneself Suicide attempt: behavior intended to kill oneself Suicide: death from deliberate self-injury Non-suicidal self-injury: behaviors intended to injure oneself without intent to kill oneself © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicide Attempts Suicide rate in US is 1 per 10,000 in a given year; worldwide, 9% report suicidal ideation at least once in their lives, and 2.5% have made at least one suicide attempt Men are four times more likely than women to kill themselves; women are more likely than men are to make suicide attempts that do not result in death Guns are by far the most common means of suicide in the United States (60%); men usually shoot or hang themselves; women more likely to use pills The suicide rate increases in old age. The highest rates of suicide in the United States are for white males over age 50 The rates of suicide for adolescents and children in the United States are increasing dramatically Being divorced or widowed elevates suicide risk four- or fivefold © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 5.10: Annual Deaths Due to Suicides per 100,000 People © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Risk Factors for Suicide Psychological Disorders Half of suicide attempts are depressed at the time of the act Neurobiological Models Heritability of 48% for suicide attempts Low levels of serotonin Overly reactive HPA system Social Factors Economic recessions Media reports of suicide Social isolation and a lack of social belonging Psychological Models Problem-solving deficit Hopelessness Life satisfaction Impulsivity © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 5.9: Myths About Suicide © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Preventing Suicide Talk about suicide openly and matter-of-factly Most people are ambivalent about their suicidal intentions Treat the associated mental disorder Treat suicidality directly Suicide prevention centers © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Suicide Hotlines on Bridges © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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COPYRIGHT Copyright 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.