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Microbial Connections-the rise of antibiotic resistance PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical titled "Microbial Connections: the rise of antibiotic resistance” by Heather Kittredge.

This medical is about antibiotic resistance, the ability of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites to resist the effects of antibiotics. This happens when these microorganisms mutate or acquire genes that enable them to survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill them. Antibiotic resistance can occur naturally or as a result of the overuse or misuse of antibiotics.

When antibiotics are used too frequently or inappropriately, they can kill susceptible bacteria, but leave behind the resistant strains to multiply and spread. This can lead to the development of "superbugs," which are bacteria that are resistant to multiple types of antibiotics and can be difficult or impossible to treat.

Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health threat that can lead to longer hospital stays, higher healthcare costs, and increased mortality rates. It is important to use antibiotics judiciously, follow proper hygiene practices, and invest in the development of new antibiotics and alternative treatments to combat this growing problem.

Tags : Microbial Connections, antibiotic resistance, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, antibiotics, Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease

Published on : Jun 01, 2023 | Views : 728 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Microbial Connections: the rise of antibiotic resistance Heather Kittredge GK12 Fall Workshop
Slide 2-

My Research Horizontal Gene Transfer - Transformation
Slide 3-

Talk Outline Introduction to antibiotic resistance The antibiotic resistance crisis Next steps
Slide 4-

Bacterial Warfare Bacteria must compete with each other to survive. Antibiotics are these same toxins produced in mass quantities to kill bacteria that harm mammalian cells. One bacterial defense is to secrete toxins!
Slide 5-

The First Antibiotic The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he noticed that the fungus penicillium killed disease causing bacteria. Penicillium
Slide 6-

Antibiotics target bacteria Zone of Inhibition
Slide 7-

Antibiotic Resistance Facts Antibiotic resistance is the process by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Humans can have allergic reactions to antibiotics, but we do not become resistant to antibiotics.
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Antibiotic Classes Penicillins penicillin amoxicillin Cephalosporins cephalexin(Keflex) Sulfonamides co-trimoxazole (Bactrim) Fluoroquinolones ciprofolxacin (Cipro) levofloxacin (Levaquin) ofloxacin (Floxin) Tetracyclines Tetracycline(Sumycin) doxycycline (Vibramycin) Aminoglycosides gentamicin (Garamycin) kanamycin tobramycin(Tobrex) Macrolides erythromycin (E-Mycin) azithromycin (Zithromax) Prevents bacteria from making cell walls Inhibits DNA replication Inhibits protein synthesis Inhibits Folate synthesis
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Antibiotic Usage Transplants Dialysis Suppressed Immune Systems Joint Replacements
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Antibiotic Overuse Overprescribing Continuous use in livestock feed Humans = 30% antibiotic use Animals = 70% https://amr-review.org/file/327
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How does antibiotic resistance arise? Dose One of Antibiotics Dose Two of Antibiotics
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Speed of antibiotic resistance
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Resistance is an evolutionary process Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change: Mutation Natural Selection Gene Flow Genetic Drift A single base pair mutation in the gene rpoB confers resistance to rifampicin. Destroys RNA polymerase
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Antibiotic resistance crisis An increase in resistant organisms + A limited number of new antimicrobial drugs = a problematic scenario “The pharmaceutical industry has largely turned away from antibiotic research due to the low likelihood of getting a return on investment. Any new class of antibiotics would need to be used sparingly to conserve their effectiveness, meaning sales would be slow.” - WSJ
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Post-antibiotic era Currently: 80% of gonorrhoeal infections are now resistant to antibiotics. 440,000 new cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis annually. Sally Davies (Britain’s Chief Medical Officer) “Antibiotic resistance should be added to the list of national emergencies”. In the future: - Strep throat to a scraped knee could kill you. - A simple hip replacement would result in 1 and 6 deaths. - The cost to treat drug-resistant cases is estimated to be at least double.
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The Davos Declaration “International pharmaceutical, diagnostics and biotechnology companies, as well as key industry bodies, have come together to work in parallel in taking comprehensive action against drug-resistant infections “. 1. Reducing the development of drug resistance. 2. Increasing investment in R&D that meets global public health needs. 3. Improve access to high-quality antibiotics for all.
Slide 19-

Discovering Antibiotics in New Ways Teixobactin: A new class of antibiotics Binds to lipids that build the cell wall. In the Nature study, teixobactin was shown to kill Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis without the bacteria developing a resistance to the antibiotic. iChip
Slide 20-

Michigan Science StandardsNatural Selection & Evolution
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Modeling Antibiotic Resistance with Candy Bacteria targeted by antibiotic Bacteria resistant to antibiotic Antibiotic