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Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children" by Abdelaziz Elamin.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), a common cause of illness in children and can range from mild to severe. LRTIs refer to infections that affect the airways and lungs, including bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and bronchitis.

Bronchiolitis is a viral infection that affects the smallest airways in the lungs, called bronchioles. It is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and typically affects infants and young children under 2 years of age. Symptoms of bronchiolitis include cough, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.

Pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. It can affect children of all ages, but young children, especially those under 5 years of age, are at a higher risk of developing pneumonia. Symptoms of pneumonia include cough, fever, rapid breathing, and chest pain.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air to and from the lungs. It is most commonly caused by a viral infection and can cause cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Risk factors for LRTIs in children include exposure to cigarette smoke, attending daycare, and having a weakened immune system. Treatment for LRTIs depends on the specific type of infection and its severity, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care such as rest, hydration, and breathing treatments.

Prevention measures include practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and ensuring that children receive recommended vaccines, such as the pneumococcal vaccine and the flu vaccine. Additionally, avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke and reducing air pollution can also help reduce the risk of LRTIs in children.

Tags : Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children, LRTIs, Bronchiolitis, Pediatrics, Pediatrics PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 1703 | Downloads : 3

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Slide 1-

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Abdelaziz Elamin Professor of Child Health University of Khartoum Sudan
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Epidemiology Incidence : 30–40 cases per 1000 children per year in the UK; a GP will see, on average, 1-2 cases per year. Prevalence : Every year, pneumonia contributes to 750,000 – 1.2 million neonatal deaths worldwide: (60% due to S. pneumoniae/H. influenzae) H. influenzae infection is now quite rare amongst UK children due to immunization.
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Definition & Etiology There is no hard and fast definition of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), that is universally adopted. Essentially, it is inflammation of the airways/pulmonary tissue, due to viral or bacterial infection, below the level of the larynx.
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Viral causes Influenza A Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Human Metapneumovirus 4 Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV - Chickenpox) Adenovirus Para-influenza virus
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Bacterial Agents Streptococcus pneumoniae Hemophilus Influenzae Staphylococcus aureus M Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacteria e.g. E. coli Anaerobes
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Atypical Agents Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Chlamydia sp. Coxiella burnetii
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Clinical Picture Presentation Acute febrile illness, possibly preceded by typical viral URTI. Symptoms : Cough Breathlessness ( preventing feeding) Irritability Sleeplessness Chest or abdominal pain in older patients Audible wheezing is rare in LRTI, but can occur
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Physical Signs Capillary blood oxygen saturation <95% Intercostal and supra-sternal recession Flushing Tachypnea High fever over 38.5 c Nasal flaring in children under 1 yr of age Dullness to percussion over zones of pneumonia consolidation. Cyanosis in advanced cases.
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Differential Diagnosis Asthma Bronchiolitis (a form of LRTI) Inhaled foreign body Pneumothorax Cardiac dyspnoea Pneumonitis of other cause e.g. extrinsic allergic alveolitis
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Investigations Chest radiography if fever and tachypnea, oxygen saturation to monitor condition. In hospital consider capillary or arterial blood gases. Culture of sputum or nasopharyngeal discharge/aspirate may be used in hospital but has little to add in primary care. Blood cultures if evidence of septicemia. Blood urea and electrolytes
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Management Admission for children under 5 years with fever and breathlessness is mandatory. Older children can be managed with close observation at home if not distressed Physiotherapy has no place in treatment of uncomplicated pneumonia in children without pre-existing respiratory disease.
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Essential Measures Oxygen, IV fluids if unable to feed, Respiratory support in severe cases Cough medicines are not indicated and may be used if cough interferes with feeding or sleep. Honey with lemon may be helpful. Antihistamines are dangerous in young children & should be avoided.
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Medications Antipyretics (avoid aspirin in young children due to danger of Reye's syndrome). Antibiotic treatment for bacterial pneumonias. Pneumonia or LRTI following URTI is likely to be viral and will not respond to antibiotic therapy. However, it is difficult to distinguish between viral and bacterial infection and young children can deteriorate rapidly. so consider antibiotic therapy depending on presentation and the clinical judgment of the concerned child.
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Antibiotics Streptococcal pneumonia is treated with oral penicillin V, or synthetic penicillin such as amoxicillin as first line drugs. Recent research indicates that children with non-severe pneumonia on amoxicillin for 3 days do as well as those who receive it for 5 days If a child is genuinely allergic to penicillin, consider using a macrolide or quinolone. Cephalosporin often cross-react with penicillin.
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Antibiotics/2 For Hemophilus influenzae cephalosporins or Amoxicillin/Calvulenic acid combination are useful. For Staph pneumonia cloxacillin and flucloxacillin are used and in severe cases parenteral vancomycin is required. Injectable antibiotics are indicated in severe cases
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Complications Bacterial invasion of the lung tissue can cause: pneumonic consolidation, septicemia, empyema, lung abscess(esp. S. Aureus) pleural effusion. Mycoplasma P. can cause hemolysis Rarely, respiratory failure, hypoxia and death.
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Prevention It is achieved with pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine Stop indoor smoking. Smoking at home or school is a major risk factor. Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of pneumonia by over 40% in malnourished children.
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The End