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Introduction to Microbiology PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Influenza (Flu), which is titled "Introduction to Microbiology", to know about micro-organisms including Bacteria (Bacteriology), Viruses (Virology), Parasites (Parasitology), and Fungi (Mycology).

Tags : Influenza, Flu, Microbiology, Bacteria, Bacteriology, Viruses, Virology, Parasites, Parasitology, Fungi, Mycology

Published on : Aug 29, 2021 | Views : 2560 | Downloads : 18

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Slide 1-

Introduction to Microbiology H. GEE. MD, FRCOG Hon. Assoc. Clinical Professor University of Warwick
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Peter Gayo Munthali Consultant Microbiologist UHCW
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What is Microbiology The study of micro-organisms Bacteria (Bacteriology) Viruses (Virology) Parasites (Parasitology) Fungi (Mycology) Human, Animals, Plants
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Aim To introduce general principles in microbiology with an emphasis on bacteria and viruses
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Objectives By the end of the session you should be able to; Distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria Describe bacteria by their shape as either cocci or rods Name some common bacterial and viral diseases linked to their causative organisms Describe in broad terms, how antibiotics work on bacteria Describe the difference between bacteria and viruses.
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Slide 7-

Some definitions
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Infection ‘the establishment of a microorganism within a host’
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Pathogen ‘any microorganism that has the capacity to cause disease’
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Virulence ‘ quantitative measure of the likelihood of causing disease’
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Opportunistic Principle pathogens regularly cause disease Opportunistic pathogens require a defect in the immune defence Eg Pseudomonas
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Bacteria
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Bacteria Description Unicellular Prokaryotic Primitive nucleus No nucleus membrane Genome Single circular molecule double stranded DNA Can harbour independent small circular DNA molecules called plasmids Structure Rigid wall which determines their shape
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Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
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Gram –ve cell wall Gram +ve cell wall Overall structure of bacterial cell walls
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Bacteria Classification Cell wall classification by gram stain Gram positive thicker cell wall Gram negative thinner cell wall Classification by shape Spherical Cocci Cylindrical Rods/bacilli
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Gram Stain Gram-positive Cocci in chains (Streptococci) Gram-positive cocci in clusters (Staphylococci) Gram-positive rods Gram-negative cocci Gram-negative rods Gram-Positives Gram-negatives
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Gram Stain - Importance First stage of identification (Culture) Indicator for treatment (Sensitivity)
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Gram Stain +ve cocci, clustered S. Aureus (coag -ve) +ve cocci, paired or chains Strep. Enterococci +ve bacilli (large + spores) Clostridium -ve cocci (intra-cellular) Gonorrhoea -ve rods, coliform E. Coli/Coliforms Pseudomonas -ve rods Anaerobes Haemophilus spp
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Culture & Sensitivity Culture Aerobic/Anaerobic Haemolytic Others (type of media) Sensitivity Antibiotics
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Enzymatic Cleavage Identical Daughter cells Bacterial Cell Division Division bacterial chromosome replicates leading to two identical chromosomes DNA relaxation and duplication Super coiled DNA Duplication of the DNA
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Genetic variability
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Lateral gene transfer
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Virulence ‘ quantitative measure of pathogenicity or the likelihood of causing disease’
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Virulence factors Aid colonisation Adhesion proteins Entry into cells Aid survival Immune avoidance eg. antiphagocytic Immunosuppression Damage host Toxins Obtain nutrition from host
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Attachment +/- Evade natural protection and cleansing mechanisms Entry into body Local or general spread Evade immediate local defences Multiplication Evasion of host defences Evade immune and other defences for growth in the host to be completed Shedding from body Leave body at a site and on a scale that ensures spread to fresh host- transmission Obligatory steps for infection
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Relationship with humans We are sterile in utero Shortly after birth colonised Of 100000000 bacterial only 1000 are successful Suggests highly evolved
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Microbiome
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Vaginal Flora Lactobacilli (Gram -ve) Gram +ve Atopobium spp. Peptostrep. spp. Staph. Spp. Strep. Spp. Bacteroides Fusobacterium spp. Gardnerella Vaginalis Mobiluncus Prenotella spp. Gram -ve E. Coli Others Candida albicans Mycoplasma Ureaplasma
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Biofilms
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Any Questions?
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1mm 100µm 10 µm 1 µm 100nm 10nm 1nm Light microscope Electron Microscope Plant and animal cells Bacteria Viruses Proteins Small molecules Size Matters
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Bacteria Classification
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Bacteria and Human body Bacteria >10x than human cells in the body (10¹ versus 10¹³) Skin surface and in deep layers Saliva and oral mucosa Gastrointestinal tracts Genital tract Normal microbiota or microflora Beneficial to human health Opportunistic infections < 10% culturable Others not part of normal microbiota Pathogenic Opportunistic pathogens