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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Pathology, which is titled "Introduction to Forensic Science", get an Introduction to Forensic Science (Drug Identification).

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Published on : Aug 06, 2021 | Views : 1463 | Downloads : 6

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Slide 1-

Introduction to Forensic Science Drug Identification
Slide 2-

What is a drug? A drug is a natural or synthetic substance used to alter consciousness, affect the structure or function of the body, and may or may not be used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. We will focus on drugs that are abused, both legal and illegal substances that cause psychological and/or physical addiction.
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Drug Abuse Drug abuse - the excessive, maladaptive, or addictive use of drugs for non-medical purposes despite social, psychological, and physical problems that may arise from such use. Drug abuse is a problem at every socioeconomic level of society.
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Symptoms of Drug Addiction Preoccupation with acquiring the drug of choice Compulsion to continue using the drug even after suffering serious consequences as a result of drug use Relapse - many drug addicts quit using drugs for brief spells, only to return to using drugs even though they have faced serious consequences as a result of drug use
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Physical and Psychological Dependence Physical dependence - the body becomes physiologically adapted to the presence of a drug in the system, when the drug is not taken, then withdrawal symptoms occur, including profuse sweating, agitation, diarrhea, insomnia Psychological dependence - an urge to repeatedly use drugs for their euphoric affects even though undesirable effects may occur
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Designer Drugs Designer drugs - drugs created by chemists to be similar to controlled substances, but which are legal because the chemists alter their molecular structure so they are somewhat different than the illegal drugs they are modeled after.
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How Drugs Enter the Bloodstream Injection - when a drug is injected into a vein, the user experiences the effects within sections Methamphetamine, heroin, and cocaine are often injected.
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How Drugs Enter the Bloodstream Inhalation - Many drugs may also be inhaled, rather than injected. The drug is snorted and quickly enters the bloodstream via the mucous membranes. Drugs may be inhaled through smoking as well. The lungs quickly absorb the active ingredients of the drugs. Drugs that are inhaled or smoked include marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, ice, heroin, crack cocaine.
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How Drugs Enter the Bloodstream Ingestion by mouth Pills are generally taken by mouth. The drug then enters the bloodstream via the gastrointestinal tract.
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Important Terminology Dopamine - a monoamine C8H11NO2 that is a decarboxylated form of dopa and that occurs especially as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Dopamine is necessary to sustain life. According to Alexander Bosch, Parkinson's disease is said to be caused by a dopamine deficiency.[1] Tourette syndrome is said to be caused by an excess of dopamine receptor sites.[2] [1] http://tcw2.ppsw.rug.nl/~vdbosch/pd.html 1/20/04 [2] http://au.geocities.com/jones_kacm/chem.htm 1/20/0
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Important Terminology Neurotransmitter - a chemical messenger between nerve cells in the mammalian brain Narcolepsy - a disabling sleep disorder; patients report having excessive daytime sleepiness, brief spells of paralysis while sleeping or awake, and dream-like images when first going to sleep Reagent - a substance used in detecting or measuring a component because of its chemical or biological activity
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Types of Drugs Stimulants - mood elevators that stimulate the central nervous system Amphetamines Effects - excitement, loss of fatigue, euphoria, elevated blood pressure and heart rate, decreased appetite, and nervousness Extreme use may result in psychotic behavior, convulsions, and death Many amphetamines are prescribed for weight loss.
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Stimulants Ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine are prescribed for narcolepsy Ritalin - (Methylphenidate) used in calming hyperactive children
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Cocaine Cocaine - a powerfully addictive stimulant, which is an alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the coca plant Legitimate medical uses, include use as a local anesthetic for some eye, ear, and throat surgeries. Forms of cocaine Powdered - the hydrochloride salt, taken intravenously or intranasally; the intravenous use of cocaine is the most dangerous method and can result in death Freebase - cocaine in a form that may be smoked; it is a compound that hasn't been neutralized by an acid (also known as crack)
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Depressants Depressants - depress the central nervous system and reduce pain Alcohol - most widely used mind altering substance in the world Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant Effects are similar to a general anesthetic. In high levels, judgment is affected, reduced motor coordination, slurred speech, dizziness, and reduced vision capability.
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Depressants Barbiturates - central nervous system depressants Seconal, Tuinal, Nembutal Used to relieve anxiety and tension before surgery Also used as anticonvulsant for epilepsy.
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Tranquilizers Tranquilizers - mood elevators that cause mild euphoria, drowsiness, relaxation and calmness Rohypnol - the date rape drug, similar to Valium, odorless, colorless Effects - sedation, amnesia, muscle relaxation Especially dangerous when used in combination with alcohol - can lead to respiratory depression, aspiration, and death This drug is a current favorite at college fraternity parties where unsuspecting females are drugged and sometimes raped after drinking spiked beverages.
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Tranquilizers Xanax - anti-anxiety drug prescribed for anxiety attacks and depression May cause clumsiness or sleepiness Extremely habit-forming Do not use with alcohol, for it may lower your blood pressure and decrease your breathing rate to the point where you become unconscious.
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Tranquilizers Ativan - central nervous system depressant, relieves anxiety and acts as a sedative; do not operate dangerous machinery or motor vehicles while under the influence of this drug Valium -central nervous system depressant, relaxes muscles, and has sedative and anticonvulsant properties
Slide 20-

Depressants Opiate derivatives Heroin, morphine, codeine -also known as narcotics Inhalants - glue, paint thinner, hair spray, nail polish remover These substances produce a vapor that is inhaled causing euphoric feeling somewhat like alcohol.
Slide 21-

Hallucinogens LSD - lysergic acid diethylamide - this drug is considered a semi synthetic psychedelic drug, which alters perception PCP - phencyclidine, a white crystalline powder with a distinctive bitter chemical taste, chemically produced for legitimate use as a veterinary anesthetic
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PCP PCP is often sprinkled on marijuana and then smoked Other names for PCP - angel dust, ozone, whack, rocket fuel Effects of PCP - created in 1956 as a surgical anesthetic, but serious side effects were noted immediately, including psychotic and violent behavior Observable effects include slurred speech, loss of coordination, involuntary eye movements, and exaggerated gait
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Mescaline Mescaline - an organic hallucinogen that is derived from the peyote cactus The Native American church is lawfully permitted to use this substance in their religious ceremonies. * (Twenty-three states exempt the Native American church from laws governing peyote use. The church is also exempt from certain provisions of the federal Controlled Substances Act.)
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Psilocybe Mushrooms Psilocybe mushrooms - similar to mescaline and LSD, these mushrooms change the mood and perceptions of their users
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Ecstasy (MDMA, STP) Ecstasy - (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) Schedule 1 drug having stimulating and hallucinogenic properties Taken orally (tablets, capsules) or snorted (powder) Effects - illusions and hallucinations, altered perception of time and distance Possible side effects - nerve cell damage, psychosis and death Large doses cause the user's body temperature to spike, which may lead to heart and/or kidney failure[1] [1] Howard Abadinsky, "Drugs, An Introduction", p. 145
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Marijuana Marijuana - (Cannabis sativa) exhibits some of the characteristics of each of the three groups: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
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Marijuana Active ingredient is THC THC triggers the release of dopamine, producing pleasure and a craving for more marijuana Effects include euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, increased appetite, impaired reaction time, and short-term memory loss
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Medical Marijuana Voters in several states have passed referendums permitting the use of marijuana for medical purposes. However, the federal government opposes these measures and has threatened to arrest doctors who violate federal marijuana statutes. According to the American Bar Association, Virginia, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, Louisiana, Alaska, Arizona, Oregon, Washington, and California all have passed laws permitting the medical use of marijuana. [1] http://www.bnabooks.com/ababna/rnr/2000/rnredr.pdf 1/20/04
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Marijuana & Hashish Hashish - the resinous secretion from the flowers of the Cannabis plant, with a THC content of 5 -12% Hash oil - a dark, oily extracted from the hashish with a THC content of 20 - 60 % According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S. [1] Marijuana is considered a gateway drug because its use is often the precursor of later more serious drug abuse. [1] http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofax/marijuana.html 1/21/04
Slide 30-

Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids - these are man-made substances, often used by athletes to increase muscle mass, enhance performance, and to improve appearance. Anabolic steroids are prescribed to treat people suffering from delayed puberty, impotence, and loss of lean muscle mass due to AIDS and other diseases.
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Anabolic Steroids Side effects - serious health problems, some irreversible Side effects experienced by men Infertility Baldness Increased risk of prostate cancer Side effects experienced by women Facial hair Deepened voice Male-pattern baldness Ingested orally or by injection
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Caffeine Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and over-the counter cold remedies Positive affects - increased alertness and energy Negative effects - anxiety and insomnia
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Nicotine Nicotine - the primary component in tobacco that acts on the brain[1], is a naturally occurring colorless liquid Nicotine is one of the most frequently used addictive drugs. Cigarette smoking is the primary method of imbibing nicotine Each cigarette smoked = 1 to 2 mg of nicotine enters the bloodstream of the smoker [1] http://www.drugabuse.gov/researchreports/nicotine/nicotine2.html#what 1/22/04
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Nicotine According to the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 57 million Americans smoke. "Tobacco kills more than 430,000 U.S. citizens each year-more than alcohol, cocaine, heroin, homicide, suicide, car accidents, fire, and AIDS combined. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States."[1] [1] http://www.drugabuse.gov/researchreports/nicotine/nicotine2.html#what 1/22/04
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Controlled Substances Act Schedule I - drugs or substances which have no accepted medical use, are possessed legally only for research purposes, and have a high potential for abuse Marijuana Mescaline & Peyote LSD Ecstasy (MDMA)
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Controlled Substances Act Schedule II - drugs which have accepted medical use, have high potential to be abused, and if abused, may cause severe psychological or physical dependence Amphetamine Morphine Methadone PCP - Phencyclidine
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Controlled Substances Act Schedule III - drugs that have medicinal use and are less likely than Schedule I and II drugs to be abused. Phendimetrazine - Bontril (generic) weight loss drug Anabolic steroids Marinol - synthetic THC
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Controlled Substances Act Schedule IV - drugs that have medicinal use and less likely than Schedule I and II drugs to be abused Phenobarbital - sedative; also used to control epilepsy Diazepam - Valium
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Controlled Substance Act Schedule V - drugs and drug preparations that are often sold over-the-counter. These drugs have low potential for abuse and are currently accepted for medicinal use in the U.S.
Slide 40-

Drug Identification Before drug identification can take place, the drugs must often be isolated from other components that may be present. Drugs can then be identified using one (or more) of the three categories of laboratory techniques listed below.
Slide 41-

Isolation and Separation Techniques Fractional distillation - A process by which components in a mixture are separated according to their different boiling points. Evaporation - the process of heating a solution until all of the liquid has evaporated and only solids remain Recrystallization - the process of dissolving a solute in a solvent at or near its boiling point, The solution is later cooled after filtering out impurities. The solute then recrystallizes in a pure form that can easily be analyzed.
Slide 42-

Isolation and Separation Techniques Chromatography - a broad range of physical methods used to separate and analyze complex mixtures Centrifugation - the use of a centrifuge to separate a heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid by spinning it. Solvent extraction - this method is used most often by forensic toxicologists
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Documentation of Evidence As soon as drug evidence is brought into the laboratory, it should be weighed, and then documented into the evidence record. The drug evidence should be described as to shape, size, amount, form (tablets, powder, capsule), color, and odor.
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Chemical Tests Color tests - involves the use of specific reagents which when combined with a drug, result in a specific color The reagent Mandelin is used to test for codeine, cocaine, and heroin. The resultant colors are olive, orange, and brown (respectively). Nitric acid concentrate reacts with codeine, heroin, and LSD to produce a yellow/orange color.
Slide 45-

Microchemical Crystal Tests A drop of reagent is added to a small amount of the unknown substance. The mixture is then placed on a slide and viewed under a microscope. The unknown substance reacts with the reagent and certain crystals are formed as a result. Advantages to using microchemical crystal tests: The tests can be conducted quickly because isolation and purification are unnecessary. Microchemical crystal tests have been developed for many commonly abused drugs.
Slide 46-

Quantitative and Qualitative Tests Several instruments and techniques are used not only to substantiate the identity of drugs, but also to quantify the amount of drugs present. Thin-layer chromatography - generally used for qualitative analysis of unknown drugs Gas chromatography - used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis High performance liquid chromatography
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Qualitative and Quantitative Tests Infrared spectrophotometry - through the use of the IR spectrum of a pure substance, a chemist can determine both qualitative and quantitative measures of a substance Mass spectrophotometry - must be used with pure samples
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Levels of Drug-Law Enforcement Source control - actions taken to disrupt, limit, prevent, and eliminate the production or cultivation of drugs Interdiction - the interception of drugs as they are being smuggled into an area Domestic distribution - actions taken to eliminate, severely curtail, and prevent drug trafficking within the U.S.
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Levels of Drug-Law Enforcement Wholesaling - actions taken to curtail mid-level dealing at the state and local level Street Level Dealing - local authorities try to curtail and/or eliminate street dealers and addicts supporting their own habits