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Infectious Diseases 1 PPT-089-01 Bureau of Workers’ Compensation PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS)
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Infectious Diseases Top 10 Diseases HIV/AIDS Ebola SARs-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Malaria Anthrax Cholera Bubonic Plague Influenza Typhoid fever Smallpox 2 PPT-089-01
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Topics Characteristics of: Anthrax Pneumonic Plague Ebola Smallpox - Susceptibility to risk. - Risk environments and conditions. - Origins, means of transmission and preventive measures. - Medical requirements. 3 PPT-089-01 Bureau of Workers’ Compensation PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS)
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Infectious Disease Defined Infectious Diseases are defined as: “Disorders caused by organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites …which can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by insect or animal bites while others are passed by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.” 4 PPT-089-01
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Spread of Disease Endemic: ”Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area. The usually prevalence of a given disease within such an area.” Epidemic: “Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness or outbreak clearly in excess of expectancy.” Pandemic: ”Occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population, i.e. malaria.” 5 PPT-089-01
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Infectious Diseases in History 1346, during a plague outbreak, Mongols catapulted victims into a city. 1520, Narvaez expedition to Aztec empire spread smallpox. 1763, during French and Indian War (Pontiac’s Rebellion), blankets and handkerchiefs were given to Native Americans. 6 PPT-089-01
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Infectious Diseases in History 1793: Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic. Nearly 10% of city’s 50,000 population died. 7 PPT-089-01
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Infectious Diseases in History 20,000 had fled the city to Germantown 6 miles distance upon the encouragement of President George Washington. Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, “left with one clerk,” found his effectiveness impacted. 8 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox in History “The disease is thought by some scholars to have arisen among settled agricultural populations in Mesopotamia as early as the 5th millennium BC and in the Nile River valley in the 3rd millennium BC. “The mummified body of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses V (died c. 1156 BC) bears evidence of pustules characteristic of smallpox.” 9 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox in History “It is possible that smallpox was behind the great plague of Athens in 430 BC, recorded by the Greek historian Thucydides, and a devastating plague carried to Italy by a Roman army returning from Mesopotamia around AD 165.” “A huge pandemic reached from Europe to the Middle East in 1614, and epidemics arose regularly in Europe throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.” 10 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox in History “Smallpox was … one of the first diseases to be controlled by a vaccine, due to the experiments of English physician Edward Jenner in 1796.” 1967: World Health Organization (WHO) began a global vaccination program. 1980: the disease was officially declared eradicated. 11 PPT-089-01
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Bubonic Plague in History “The first recorded bubonic plague epidemic ravaged the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century. It was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment.” 12 PPT-089-01
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Bubonic Plague in History “In the late Middle Ages (1340–1400) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death, the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague, hit in 1348, killing a third of the human population.” 13 PPT-089-01
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Movement of the Black Plague 14 PPT-089-01
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Bubonic Plague in History In 1665-1666, the Plague hit London killing an estimated 100,000 people; 20% of London's population. 15 PPT-089-01
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Human Exposure Four (4) categories of concern related to exposures of humans: 1. BACTERIA 2. RICKETTSIA 3. TOXINS 4. VIRUSES 16 PPT-089-01
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Human Exposure This program will focus on those infectious diseases caused by: Bacterial Agents: Anthrax and Plague Viral Agents: Ebola and Smallpox 17 PPT-089-01
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Bacteria A single-celled organism. “Under certain circumstances some can transform into spores.” The disease causing method can occur in one of two ways: 1. Invading host tissues, and 2. Producing poisons (toxins) Certain bacterium, like E. coli, can be present in uncooked foods. 18 PPT-089-01
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Organism-Disease Disease-causing organism Bacillus anthracis Yersinia pestis 19 PPT-089-01 Disease Produced Anthrax Plague
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Virus Smaller than bacteria, a virus is able to cause diseases ranging from the common cold to AIDS. “Usually consist of a protein coat with genetic material (either RNA or DNA). These are intracellular parasites and lack a system for their own metabolism; they are dependent on the synthetic machinery of their host cells.” “Every virus requires its own special type of host cell for multiplication.” 20 PPT-089-01
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Infection Transmission Direct Contact Person-to-Person Animal to Person Mother to Unborn Child Indirect Contact Touching an infected inanimate object then yourself without thoroughly washing. 21 PPT-089-01
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Infectivity Infective doses are cited as required for the condition to affect a person. Examples: Disease Infective Dose Inhalation Anthrax 8,000 to 10,000 spores Pneumonic Plague <100 organisms Ebola 1-10 plague forming units Smallpox Infective dose is assumed low 22 PPT-089-01
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Emergency Response Guidebook For those responding to emergencies where infectious materials may be present, the Emergency Response Guidebook recommends: Guide #158 for Infectious substances, affecting animals only and those affecting humans. Listed here are precautions for: Health Fire or explosion Public Safety Protective clothing Fires Spill or leak and First Aid 23 PPT-089-01
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Anthrax Bacteria: ANTHRAX Caused by bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Aerobic. Can be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated wool, hides or tissues or through inhalation. Anthrax spores occur naturally in soil and may lie dormant for years before ingested by domestic animals; horses, cows and sheep as examples. 24 PPT-089-01
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Four Types of Anthrax Cutaneous: through cuts or sores in skin. Those who handle meat or hides and game animals. Gastrointestinal: eating infected meat. Inhalation (pulmonary): inhaling spores. Deadliest form and often fatal even with treatment. Injection: identified in Europe with those injecting illegal drugs from regions where naturally occurring anthrax is common. 25 PPT-089-01
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Cutaneous Anthrax Symptoms Symptoms: Sores or blisters on hands and forearms. Cutaneous is contagious. Incubates: 2-7 days in most cases. Fatal: Within 48 hours if untreated. Treatment: Penicillin, immunization. Immune serum helpful in early stages. 26 PPT-089-01
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Intestinal Anthrax Symptoms Symptoms: Intense stomach pain, bowel obstruction, dehydration, diarrhea, fever; blood poisoning, death (rare in humans). Exposure of the digestive system to anthrax usually by consuming meat products that contain anthrax. Severe and often fatal form of anthrax. Results in death in 25% to 60% of cases. Fatal: 1,000 spores required. Within 24 hours of acute phase if untreated. 27 PPT-089-01
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Intestinal Anthrax Symptoms Incubates: 1-7 days. Treatment: Doctors can prescribe effective antibiotics. Bacillus anthracis usually responds effectively to several antibiotics including penicillin, doxycycline, and fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin). To be effective, treatment should be initiated early. If left untreated, the disease can be fatal. 28 PPT-089-01
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Inhalation Anthrax Symptoms Also known as Pulmonary Anthrax; Flu-like symptoms Mild chest discomfort Shortness of breath Nausea Coughing up blood Painful swallowing Progresses to: High fever Difficulty breathing Shock Meningitis 29 PPT-089-01
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Inhalation Anthrax Symptoms: Initial symptoms may resemble a common cold. After several days, the symptoms may progress to severe breathing problems and shock. Inhalation anthrax is often fatal. Fatal: Untreated: 90% fatal 8,000 to 10,000 spores required Incubates: Sick in 1-5 days; sickness lasts 3-5 days (usually fatal) Treatment: Protective vaccine. 30 PPT-089-01
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Plague Bacteria: PLAGUE caused by pasturella pestis or yersinia pestis. “Black Death” transmittable by bite of an infected flea or person to person by respiratory route. Bubonic: From rats by the bite of an infected fleas. Septicemic: When plague bacteria multiplies in the blood stream. Pneumonic: May result from septicemic form or from inhalation of the organism. Spreads rapidly until Hemorrhagic pneumonia involves entire lung area. Pneumonic affects the lungs and is spread person to person by way of cough droplets. 31 PPT-089-01
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Plague Type Infection of: Bubonic: Lymph nodes Septicemic: The blood Pneumonic: Lungs 32 PPT-089-01
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Bubonic Plague From the bite of the black rat flea. “Black Death” transmittable by bite of an infected flea or person to person by respiratory route. This can include domesticated animals, i.e. cats to wild animals, i.e. rabbits, rats, squirrels. Characterized by buboes which appear. 33 PPT-089-01
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Septicemic Plague This form of the disease occurs when the bacteria multiply in the blood, causing bacteremia and severe sepsis. Primary septicemic plague results from direct inoculation of the bacteria into the bloodstream, typically via the bite of an infected animal or flea or direct contact with infected tissues. Secondary septicemic plague occurs when there is progression of disease and dissemination of bacteria following bubonic presentation. 34 PPT-089-01
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Septicemic Plague Septicemic plague is rarely transmissible human to human but may become transmissible if the disease reaches the pneumonic stage. Septicemic plague, either primary or secondary, has approximately 40% mortality when treated, and in untreated cases, the mortality is 100%. 35 PPT-089-01
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Pneumonic Plague Symptoms Spread person to person by way of cough droplets. Cough with bloody sputum Difficulty breathing High fever Nausea/vomiting Weakness Progresses quickly leading to respiratory failure and shock in 2 days of infection. Initiate antibiotics within a day of signs and symptoms or it is likely to be fatal. May result from septicemic form or from inhalation of organism. 36 PPT-089-01
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Plague Symptoms Symptoms: High fever, headache, general aches, extreme weakness, glandular swelling, pneumonia, hemorrhages in skin and mucous membranes possible, extreme lymph node pain. Incubates: Bubonic, 2-6 days; unvaccinated: few days longer if vaccinated. Pneumonic: 1 to 6 days. Fatal: Bubonic if untreated; Pneumonic if untreated. Treatment: Tetracycline with streptomycin. 37 PPT-089-01
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Plague Complications Death Gangrene Meningitis 38 PPT-089-01
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Plague Risk Factors Where you’re located Your occupation Hobbies 39 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Viral: EBOLA Virus caused by Filo virus and other African Hemorrhagic Fevers. These are marked by severe bleeding, organ failure and often death. **One of the most pathogenic viruses known to science, causing 50-90% fatalities in all clinically ill cases. 40 PPT-089-01
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Ebola This virus lives in animal hosts and can be contracted through contact with blood and waste products. It is then spread through person to person contact with body fluids or contaminated needles of those infected. Cases of transmission included direct contact with blood, secretions, organs or semen of infected persons and by handling ill or infected chimps. 41 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Persons are not contagious until symptoms are developed. Lack of PPE by medical personnel may be the cause of them becoming infected. This should also be a concern of emergency response personnel when working around accident victims. Epidemics in Africa are attributed to reusing needles and syringes due to lack of equipment. 42 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Symptoms: Fever, weakness, muscle pain, headache, sore throat. Then vomiting, diarrhea, rash, limited kidney and liver functions & both internal & external bleeding. Incubation:2-21 days, 5th day: hemorrhagic symptoms Fatality: 50-90% Treatment: Supportive care. 43 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Symptoms Within 5 to 10 days, may include: Chills Fever Joint/muscle aches Weakness Severe headache 44 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Symptoms Symptoms may increase to: Nausea/vomiting Diarrhea which may be bloody Raised rash Chest and stomach pain Bleeding: external and internal due to it being a Hemorrhagic agent. 45 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Complications According to the Mayo Clinic staff, complications for Ebola may include: Multiple organ failure Severe bleeding Jaundice Delirium Seizures Comma shock Hemorrhagic fevers are lethal for a high percentage of those infected. They interfere with the immune system’s ability to mount a defense. 46 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Recovery Recovery is slow and may require months. People may experience: Sensory changes Liver inflammation Weakness Fatigue Headaches eye inflammation. 47 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox Viral: SMALLPOX Caused by variola virus. Highly contagious, disfiguring and often deadly. No cure or treatment exists. A vaccine exists as a preventative. 48 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox Contracted via Direct contact person to person Indirectly via an airborne virus Contaminated items As a terrorist weapon 49 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox Symptoms Incubation period: 7 to 17 days during which time you can not infect others. Following incubation: Fever Overall discomfort Headache Severe back pain and fatigue Vomiting is possible 50 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox Symptoms A few days later, flat, red spots on your face, hands and forearms which then appear on your trunk. Lesions may then turn into small blisters with clear fluid 8-9 days later scabs fall off leaving deep, pitted scars. 51 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox Symptoms Lesions may also form on mucus membranes of nose and mouth. Most who contract smallpox survive. Blindness may occur in some. More lethal smallpox affects pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems. Lethality: High to moderate. 52 PPT-089-01
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Anthrax Prevention Antibiotics for those exposed to anthrax spores. Cipro Doxycycline Levaquin Vaccine for military and those in high risk professions. 53 PPT-089-01
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Pneumonic Plague Prevention Affects lungs, least common form but most deadly. Spread person to person through cough droplets (aerosolized). Rodent-proof your home Use insect repellent to kill fleas 54 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Prevention Avoid contact with virus. Stay away from outbreak areas. Wash hands frequently Avoid local meat sold in their markets, if traveling abroad Do NOT contact infected persons Follow PPE procedures and requirements Do NOT handle remains 55 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox Prevention Vaccine may lessen infection if given within 4 days of exposure. Childhood vaccination may provide partial immunity 56 PPT-089-01
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Anthrax Treatment Antibiotic (60 day course); Cipro, doxycycline. The antibiotic depends on how you were infected. Advanced inhalation anthrax may not respond to antibiotics; the drugs may be over ridden by the amount of toxin produced. Injection anthrax has been treated by surgically removing infected tissue. 57 PPT-089-01
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Plague Treatment No vaccine available, antibiotics can prevent infection. Gentamicin, Cipro, doxycycline. If treatment is not received within 24 hours of when the first symptoms occur, death can result. Antibiotics: streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin Oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support usually are also needed. 58 PPT-089-01
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Pneumonic Plague Treatment Pneumonic plague patients should be strictly isolated from caregivers and other patients. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague should be watched carefully and given antibiotics as a preventive measure. Without treatment, about 50% of persons with bubonic plague die. Almost everyone with pneumonic plague dies if not treated. Treatment reduces the death rate to 50%. 59 PPT-089-01
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Ebola Treatment No drug is approved to treat and supportive care is provided: Rehydrating Blood pressure maintenance Oxygen as needed Lost blood replacement Treating other infections which may develop due to suppressed immune system. 60 PPT-089-01
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Smallpox Treatment No cure - treat symptoms. Rehydrate. Antibiotics may be used for those who have a bacterial skin or lung infection. Treatment Vaccine exists which is a preventative-not cure. No specific therapy, supportive care must include prevention of secondary infections. 61 PPT-089-01
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Immunization Agent Immunization Strategy Anthrax Vaccine or ciprofloxacin or doxycycline prophylaxis Plague Vaccine or doxycycline prophylaxis Smallpox Vaccine (Ebola No vaccine)* Table 5-8, see notes 62 PPT-089-01
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Infectious Disease PPE 63 PPT-089-01 Anthrax: Configure the necessary PPE based on the level of injury and the point at which you make contact. Excellent resources: https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/firstreceivers_hospital.pdf Also check: 29 CFR 1910.1030-Bloodborne Pathogens, 29 CFR 1910.132-PPE, 29 CFR 1910.134-Respiratory Protection
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Infectious Disease PPE 64 PPT-089-01 Pneumonic Plague: PPE based on the level of injury and the point at which you make contact: Emergency Responders Healthcare Workers, Mortuary Workers, and Others Laboratory Workers Two (2) excellent resources: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/plague/controls.html and https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/firstreceivers_hospital.pdf Also check: 29 CFR 1910.1030-Bloodborne Pathogens, 29 CFR 1910.132-PPE, 29 CFR 1910.134-Respiratory Protection
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Ebola PPE Ensure adherence to the proper personal protective equipment requirements. (See selection chart website in note section: OSHA Fact Sheet.) Also check requirements for other specific infectious diseases in: 29 CFR 1910.1030-Bloodborne Pathogens, 29 CFR 1910.132-PPE, 29 CFR 1910.134-Respiratory Protection 65 PPT-089-01
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Infectious Disease PPE 66 PPT-089-01 Smallpox: National infection control guidelines indicate specific precautions when treating patients with known of suspected smallpox. Such precautions include: Standard Droplet Airborne, and Contact Precautions Also check: 29 CFR 1910.1030-Bloodborne Pathogens, 29 CFR 1910.132-PPE, 29 CFR 1910.134-Respiratory Protection
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Bibliography http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/basics/prevention/con-20033534 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/basics/risk-factors/con-20022705 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/basics/treatment/con-20031469 http://www.sciencechannel.com/life-earth-science/10-infectious-diseases.htm 67 PPT-089-01
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Bibliography 68 PPT-089-01 www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus/basics/... www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/smallpox/basics/definition/... “Philadelphia Fever,” by Jeanne Abrams, World War II magazine, February, 2015 issue. www.rightdiagnosis.com › Diseases http://www.visualdx.com/view/diagnosis/plague_septicemic
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Bibliography 69 PPT-089-01 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549405/smallpox, 12/4/2014. Martin, James W., MD, FACP, George W. Christopher, MD, FACP, and Edward M. Eitzen, Jr, MD, MPH, Chapter 1, History of Biological Weapons: From Poisoned Darts to Intentional Epidemics, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5011, 4th edition, February, 2001, found at http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=19931 https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/plague/index.html
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Bibliography 70 PPT-089-01 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/anthrax/disease_rec.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001363.htm http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/toxins https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/plague/controls.html
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Bibliography http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/typhoid-fever/basics/treatment/con-20028553 Robert A. DeLorenzo and Robert S. Porter, Weapons of Mass Destruction Emergency Care, Brady, Prentice Hall Health, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 2000. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rickettsia 71 PPT-089-01
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Bibliography http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000596.htm Williams P, Wallace D. Unit 731: Japan’s Secret Biological Warfare in World War II. New York, NY: Free Press; 1989. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/basics/definition/CON-20021610 Army Field Manual, FM 8-284, “Biological Weapons Disease Management,” Department of the Army 72 PPT-089-01
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Bibliography USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 4th Edition, Lead Editor, LTC Mark Kortepeter, Operational Medicine Division, U.S. Army Medical Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011, (2001,February ) and 7th Edition, (2011, September). The Medical NBC Battlebook, USACHPPM Tech Guide 244, USACHPPM, Attn: MCHB-TS-OHP, 5158 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403, August 2002 73 PPT-089-01
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Bibliography Alibek K, Handelman K. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World Trade From the Inside by the Man Who Ran It. New York, NY: Random House; 1999. www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Great_Plague_of_London https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/firstreceivers_hospital.pdf 74 PPT-089-01
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Bibliography Jane’s Chem-Bio Handbook, Frederick R. Sidell, M.D., Dr. William C. Patrick III, Thomas R. Dashiell, Jane’s Information Group, 1340 Braddock Place, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 2214-1651, USA, 1998. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/incubation 75 PPT-089-01
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Contact Information Health & Safety Training Specialists 1171 South Cameron Street, Room 324 Harrisburg, PA 17104-2501 (717) 772-1635 RA-LI-BWC-PATHS@pa.gov 76 PPT-089-01 Like us on Facebook! - https://www.facebook.com/BWCPATHS
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Questions 77 PPT-089-01