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Immunopathology PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Immunopathology" by Dr. SANJIV KUMAR.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about immunopathology is the study of diseases or conditions that result from dysfunction of the immune system. It involves the investigation of the mechanisms by which the immune system responds to pathogens, foreign substances, or abnormal cells, and how it can also cause damage to host tissues if it becomes dysregulated.

Immunopathology can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic defects, infections, autoimmunity, allergies, and immunodeficiencies. Examples of diseases that fall under the umbrella of immunopathology include autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, allergies, asthma, immunodeficiencies such as HIV/AIDS, and cancer.

Immunopathology is an important field of research and clinical practice, as it helps to understand the underlying mechanisms of immune system dysfunction and develop new treatments to improve patient outcomes. It also plays a crucial role in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies to combat infectious diseases and cancer.

Tags : immunopathology, dysfunction of the immune system, immune system, pathology, pathology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 2370 | Downloads : 6

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Dr. SANJIV KUMAR DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY BVC, PATNA
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INNATE IMMUNITY BARRIER MECHANISM Anatomic Skin Mechanical barrier Acidic environment (pH 3–5) retards growth of microbes Mucous membrane Mucous entraps foreign microbes Cilia propel microbes out of body Physiologic Temperature inhibits growth of some pathogens Low pH kills most undigested microbes Chemical mediators i. Interferon - antiviral defenses in uninfected cells ii. Lysozyme - cleaves bacterial cell wall iii. Complement - lyses microbes or facilitates phagocytosis Phagocytic/endocytic barriers Specialized cells (blood monocytes, neutrophils, tissue macrophages) Inflammatory barriers
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T cells require the action of APCs (usually dendritic cells, but also macrophages, B cells, fibroblasts and epithelial cells) to recognize a specific antigen. The surfaces of APCs express a group of proteins known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC are classified as either class I, which are found on all nucleated cells, or class II, which are found only on certain cells of the immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells. Class I MHC molecules present endogenous (intracellular) peptides, while class II molecules on APCs present exogenous (extracellular) peptides to T cells. The MHC-antigen complex activates the TCR and this antigen presentation process stimulates T cells to differentiate primarily into either cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ cells) or T-helper (Th) cells (CD4+ cells)
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MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES ANTIBODY FUNCTION IgM Primary response Opsonizing antigen for destruction Complement fixation IgG secondary immune response capable of crossing the placental barrier Neutralization of toxins and viruses Opsonizing (coating) antigen for destruction Complement fixation IgD Function unclear; appears to be involved in homeostasis IgA protects mucosal surfaces from toxins, viruses and bacteria IgE Associated with hypersensitivity and allergic reactions Plays a role in immune response to parasites
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COMPLEMENT SYSTEM Plasma proteins - act against microbial agents Products of activated complement Vascular permeability Chemotaxis Opsonization Lysis Important inflammatory mediators C3a and C5a (anaphylatoxins) Cause release of histamine from mast cells Lysosomal enzyme release in inflammatory cells C5a Activates lipoxygenase pathway Chemotactic many inflammatory cells Increases adhesion of leukocytes
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COMPLEMENT SYSTEM And Inflammation C5b-9 membrane attack complex Lyses cells Stimulates arachidonic acid metabolism Produces reactive oxygen metabolites
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COMPLEMENT SYSTEM Few reminders Classical pathway Alternate pathway Common pathway
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Types of hypersensitivity reactions Type Alternate name Examples Mediators I Allergy (immediate) Atopy IgE Anaphylaxis Asthma II Cytotoxic, antibody-dependent Erythroblastosis fetalis IgG, IgM Goodpasture syndrome Trnasfusion reaction III Immune complex disease SLE IgG, IgM and Serum sickness Complements Reactive arthritis Arthrus reaction IV Delayed-type hypersensitivity, Tuberculosis T cells cell-mediated, Transplant rejection Macrophages antibody-independent
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Autoimmunity Autoimmunity involves the loss of normal immune homeostasis such that the organism produces an abnormal response to its own tissue. The hallmark of autoimmunity is the presence of self-reactive T cells, auto-antibodies, and inflammation. Prominent examples of autoimmune diseases include: Celiac disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease and Graves’ disease.
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IMMUNODEFICIENCY Immunodeficiency refers to a state in which the immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Immunodeficiency disorders may result from a primary genetic defect (primary immunodeficiency) or it may be acquired from a secondary cause (secondary immunodeficiency), such as viral or bacterial infections, malnutrition, autoimmunity or treatment with drugs that induce.
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