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Immunity PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : The body’s defense against pathogens , disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles

Tags : immunity,organisms,malfunctioning cells,disruption of homeostasis

Published on : Jun 14, 2023 | Views : 1787 | Downloads : 0

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Immunity Ibrahim El-emaryProduct Management Assignee
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What Is Immunity What Is Immunity The body’s defense against pathogens , disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles
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Disease Disease-Any disruption of homeostasis which causes specific symptoms, and can cause death if untreated or the immune system is unable to fight it off. E.g. infection by pathogen, genetic disorder
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Pathogen Pathogen: A biological agent that causes disease in its host. Virus Bacteria Fungus Protist
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Infectious Agents-Virus Virus- strand of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coating. Invade a cell (or inject their nucleic acid into a cell) and then cause the cell to make more viruses rather than the cell’s normal function.
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Bacteria Bacteria- Prokaryotic cells Mostly harmless, but some can live and thrive (and cause disease) inside the body Sometimes can be cured by antibiotics Superbugs have arisen due to overuse of antibiotics (accidental artificial selection)
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Superbugs So-called superbugs are bacteria that have evolved a resistance to most antibiotics. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is an example. S. aureus is typically found on your skin and can cause pimples. But, if you become infected with MRSA, then it may be life-threatening.
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Fungi Fungi-very few members of the Fungi kingdom can parasitize humans The ones that can tend to attack the skin, but a few can invade inside the body.
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Protists Protists are eukaryotic and microscopic organisms that cause disease Examples: Malaria African Sleeping Sickness Giardia
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How Do Diseases Spread? Physical contact Skin to skin contact Exchange of bodily fluids Indirect contact E.g. sneezing and coughing Vectors
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Vector A vector is the method by which a pathogen is transmitted to humans. It might NOT be what actually causes the illness E.g. A mosquito bites your arm, and the protist Plasmodium is transmitted into your bloodstream or a tick bites you and a Borrielia bacteria is transferred and you have Lyme disease
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Prevention of Disease Good hygiene WASH YOUR HANDS COVER YOUR MOUTH AND NOSE
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Treatments Antibiotics-Drugs which kill or weaken bacteria Don’t work on viral infections, like colds E.g. Penicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides
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Treatments Rest Fluids (like orange juice) Balanced diet Check with a doctor
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Immune System
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What Is Immune System The immune system is a network of special cells, tissues, proteins, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially damaging foreign invaders and diseases.
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Immune System Function: To protect and defend the body against pathogens Made of a few smaller organs and white blood cells
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Lymph Lymph is extracellular fluid that white blood cells can travel through. Spleen is an organ that filters bacteria and broken cells from the lymph Lymph nodes are also filters
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Immunity Immunity is the condition your body has when it already knows how to make the antibodies for a specific disease. This is why if you get sick with an illness and fight it off (without drugs) you can’t get the same illness again When your T Cells show your B Cells a pathogen that has been seen before; the B Cells immediately start making the correct antibodies
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Immunity Two types of immunity Active: Your body knows how to make the antibodies Passive: You receive antibodies from another source, but your body doesn’t know how to make them Mother’s milk Injection of antibodies
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Active Immunity There are two ways to get active immunity: 1. Get infected with the illness and fight it off—your body learns how to make the antibodies 2. Get a vaccination, which is a weakened or dead form of the disease, and your body can still learn how to make the antibodies, but you don’t get sick
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How does the Immune System Work? There are two ways in which the immune system operates: Nonspecific defenses- Tries to keep everything out Skin, mucus, cilia, tears, stomach acid, etc. Specific Defenses- Fights off infection once the pathogen gets inside the body. White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
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The First Line of Defense ? The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the epidermis, forms a shield against invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders You shed between 40 – 50 thousand skin cells every day! ~Skin~
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The First Line of Defense ? ~Mucus and Cilia~ As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into mucus throughout your respiratory system and become stuck Hair-like structures called cilia sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing Don’t swallowed bacteria have a good chance of infecting you?
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The First Line of Defense ? ~Saliva~ What’s the first thing you do when you cut your finger? Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria Thousands of different types of bacteria can survive these chemicals, however
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Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong acids in the stomach that break down your food The stomach must produce a coating of special mucus or this acid would eat through the stomach! The First Line of Defense ~Stomach Acid~
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What About 2nd Line of Defense ?
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White Blood Cells White blood cells are the soldiers of the body They seek out and destroy pathogens Have several different names: WBC’s, Lymphocytes, Leukocytes, Phagocytes
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The Second Line of Defense~White Blood Cells~ If invaders actually get within the body, then your white blood cells (WBCs) begin their attack WBCs normally circulate throughout the blood, but will enter the body’s tissues if invaders are detected Video
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The Second Line of Defense~White Blood Cells~ ~Phagocytes~ These white blood cells are responsible for eating foreign particles by engulfing them Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called ________ Lysosomes Where could invaders hide from phagocytes?
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White Blood Cell Types T Cells These are the recon cells. They travel through the body in search of pathogens When they find a pathogen, they engulf it and destroy it, then they do something weird They display parts of the pathogen on their membranes
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Antigens The part of the pathogen that the T Cells display is called the antigen Antigens are proteins that all cells have on their membranes The shape of the antigen varies according to the species of pathogen Sometimes, the pathogen itself is referred to as an antigen
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Then… The T Cells show the antigen to the other type of WBC: B Cells- These cells search their memories. If the B cells have seen this antigen before, they get to work mass producing antibodies If the B cells haven’t, they start to build antibodies from scratch
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Antibodies Antibody- a protein molecule which attaches to the antigen on a pathogen and then either: 1. The antibody causes the pathogen to be unable to enter any more body cells 2. The antibody attracts a WBC to engulf the pathogen
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Immune Response If the pathogen gets inside anyway, there are things your body usually does to try to slow the invader down. Fever- raising body temperature to help denature the pathogen’s proteins Expand blood vessels- WBC’s can get to the infection site more quickly This is called inflammation, and can be painful
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Allergies An allergy is a condition where the body misrecognizes something that is harmless as a pathogen Histamines are the chemicals released to cause the inflammatory response Example: Pollen can cause a fever, runny nose, and sneezing Some allergies can trigger a severe reaction, called anaphylactic shock This can cause choking due to a constricted airway
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Allergens
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Types of immunity? Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance Two types Innate (non-Specific) Immunity Adaptive or Acquired (Specific ) Immunity
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Overview of the Immune System Immune System Adaptive immunity Delayed response to specific antigen B-lymphocytes (humoral immunity) T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity) Plasma cells (synthesize and release antibodies) Physiologic responses (e.g., inflammation, fever) Chemicals (e.g., interferon, complement) Cells (e.g., macrophages, NK cells) Skin and mucosal Membranes & barriers (prevent entry) Immediate response to wide array of substances Innate immunity Nonspecific internal defenses
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Think the flu is no big deal? Think again… In 1918, a particularly deadly strain of flu, called the Spanish Influenza, spread across the globe It infected 20% of the human population and killed 5%, which came out to be about 100 million people
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Where and how do we defend against disease pathogens? Immunity is The ability to resist infection and disease Many body cells and tissues are involved in the implementation of immunity (Not just lymphocytes and other immune cells) Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses (we are born with this capability) Can involve the epithelium on the body surface (integument) or occur in connective tissue, in the GI system and/or may involve a cellular response Respond immediately to many different harmful agents Do not require a previous exposure to a foreign substance Adaptive (Specific) Defenses (these components develop with time) Lymphocytes (B, T, NK): Are major players in the immune response but other cells and participants in the innate system work cooperatively Identifies, attacks, and reinforces immunity to a specific pathogen These 2 categories of immune mechanisms work together
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Innate - Nonspecific Defenses: 7 categories 1st line of defense Physical barriers: Skin and mucosal barriers - keep hazardous materials outside the body 2nd line of defense Phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages: engulf pathogens and cell debris Immunological Surveillance: natural killer cells (NK cells) destroy abnormal cells. Interferons: Chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections. Antiviral proteins do not kill viruses but block replication in cell Complement: Complement action of antibodies to destroy pathogens Inflammation: Triggers a complex inflammatory response limiting the spread of infection Fever: A high body temperature which increases body metabolism, accelerates defenses and accelerates body defenses
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Innate Immunity: Inflammation Redness - increased blood flow Heat - increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity Swelling - increase in fluid loss – capillaries to interstitial space, capillaries become more permeable due to histamine and other chemicals Pain - stimulation of pain receptors from compression from interstitial fluid; chemical irritation by kinins, prostaglandins, microbe substances Loss of function - (may occur in severe cases) Acute inflammatory response a local, nonspecific response -- typically lasts 8-10 days sometimes persists in process of chronic inflammation
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Innate Immunity: Inflammation Immediate, local, nonspecific response Major effector of innate immunity that helps eliminate infectious agents 1st step: chemicals like histamine, leukotirenes, prostaglandins and chemotactic factors released 2nd step: response in blood vessels = vasodilation and increased capillary permeability 3rd step: leukocytes (WBCs) recruited via margination and diapedesis. Also cells undertake chemotaxis and migrate toward (up the gradient) of chemical agents (bacterial secretions) Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages clean up the area
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Inflammation (Figure 22.6) 1 4 3 2 Formation of exudate and “washing” of infected area Exudate Increase in fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries Delivery of plasma proteins Diapedesis Chemotaxis Chemical gradient Injured tissue Bacteria Release of inflamatory and chemotactic factors Mast cells Neutrophil CAMs Lymphatic capillary Lymph Basophil Recruitment of immune cells • Margination • Diapedesis • Chemotaxis Vascular changes include • Vasodilation of arterioles • Increase in capillary permeability • Display of CAMs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Margination
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Innate Immunity: Fever Fever Abnormal elevation of body temperature -- at least 1°C from normal (37°C) May accompany inflammatory response Due to excess fluid loss so requires increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration Events of fever Results from release of pyrogens such as interleukin 1, interferons toxins from infectious agents, drug reactions toxins, brain tumors Pyrogens released and circulate through the body target hypothalamus and cause release of prostaglandin E2 raises temperature set point of hypothalamus
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Summary of Innate - Nonspecific Processes Barriers – epithelium, secretions , fluid flow Cells: phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils), NK cells Chemical signals – inteferons, complement proteins, inflammatory mediators, pyrogens for fever Nonspecific (Innate) because each process works no matter what the problem is. On an evolutionary basis the innate mechanisms were present prior to the development of lymphocytes and the Adaptive Processes
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Thank You
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Alternative Resources Medium shot woman with mask Premium Photo Medium shot woman with mask Close-up scientist holding flask Medium shot woman wearing goggles Photos Vectors