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Human Immunodeficiency Virus PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Human immunodeficiency virus, Lentivirus, Genome Organization, Pathogenesis, Phases of HIV, Transmission of HIV, ELISA, Western Blot, Treatment of HIV, Prophylaxis.

Tags : Human immunodeficiency virus, Lentivirus, Genome Organization, Pathogenesis, Phases of HIV, Transmission of HIV, ELISA, Western Blot, Treatment of HIV, Prophylaxis,HIV

Published on : Nov 09, 2021 | Views : 2706 | Downloads : 4

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human immunodeficiency virus SOMASUNDARA LAL INDRAJITH M1854
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HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus H = Infects only Human beings I = Immunodeficiency virus weakens the immune system and increases the risk of infection V = Virus that attacks the body
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LENTIVIRUS Lentivirus is a genus of retroviruses, causing chronic and deadly diseases by long incubation periods in human. Primate lentivirus are distinguished by the utilization of CD-4 surface protein as a receptor and the absence of dUTPase. Derived from HIV-1,lentiviruses can integrate a significant amount of viral cDNA into the host genome , mediate stable and long term transgene expression , and efficiently infect dividing cells and nondividing cells , which makes lentivirus an attractive gene delivery vehicle in most cell types.
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HIV-1 and HIV-2 HIV-1 and HIV-2 are: • Transmitted through the same routes • Associated with similar opportunistic infections HIV-1 is more common worldwide HIV-2 is less easily transmitted HIV-2 is less pathogenic Duration of HIV-2 infection is shorter MTCT (Mother-to-Child Transmission) is relatively rare with HIV-2
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Structure of HIV Viral envelope (lipid membrane) 72 little spikes, which are formed from the proteins glycoprotein 120 and glycoprotein 41 Matrix, which is made from the protein p17 Viral core (capsid) is bullet-shaped and is made from the protein p24 Three enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease Two identical strands of RNA.
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GENOME ORGANIZATION HIV has several major genes coding for structural proteins that are found in all retroviruses as well as several nonstructural ("accessory") genes unique to HIV. The HIV genome contains nine genes that encode fifteen viral proteins. These are synthesized as polyproteins which produce proteins for virion interior, called Gag, (group specific antigen); the viral enzymes, Pol (polymerase) or the glycoproteins of the virion env (envelope). HIV-1 has two important regulatory elements: Tat and Rev and few important accessory proteins such as Nef, Vpr, Vif and Vpu which are not essential for replication in certain tissues.
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Antigenic structure HIV has 3 antigen types: Envelope antigen- glycosylated polyproteins & antibodies to these proteins are always present in the serum of HIV infected person. Core antigen- antibodies to these proteins are also present in the serum of HIV infected person. RT antigen (reverse transcriptase)- antibodies are found in the patient of AIDS.
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PATHOGENESIS OF HIV INFECTION HIV infects a type of white blood cell in the body's immune system called a T-helper cell (also called a CD4 cell). These vital cells keep us healthy by fighting off infections and diseases. HIV cannot reproduce on its own. Instead, the virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and fuses with it (joins together).
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PHASES OF HIV INFECTION Phase 1 (3-12 weeks): Acute HIV syndrome Sore throat Fever Skin rash Meningitis High viremia. Phase 3: Full blown AIDS Severe immuno- suppression Drop in CD4 count below 200/µl -- (normal count: > 950 CD4 cells/µl } High viremia 2. Middle chronic Phase(10-12 years): Competition between HIV and Host immune system. Patient asymptomatic or has Mild symptoms. Moderate viremia.
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Transmission of HIV
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SEROLOGICAL TESTS AVAILABLE FOR HIV ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY DOT BLOT ASSAY WESTERN BLOT RADIO IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST1
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ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY(ELISA) Direct solid phase antiglobulin ELISA is the method most commonly used. The antigen is obtained from HIV grown in continuous t lymphocyte cell line or by recombinant techniques represent all groups and subtypes of hiv-1 and hiv-2. The antigen is coated on the micro titre wells or other suitable solid surface. The test serum is added. And if the antibody is present, it binds to the antigen. After washing away the unbound serum, antihuman immunoglobulin linked to a suitable enzyme is added. If test serum contains anti-HIV antibody, a photometrically detectable color is formed which can be read by special ELISA readers.
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WESTERN BLOT The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot), or western blotting, is a widely used analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.
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PRINCIPLE OF WESTERN BLOT HIV infected cells are ruptured & its proteins(antigens) are separated according to their size in gel electrophoresis. Blotted on to strips of nitrocellulose paper these strips are reacted with the patient serum antibody to get attached with specific antigen. Secondary antibody conjugated with peroxidase is added to bind primary antibody. Colored band visualized on membrane strip on addition of substrate.
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LIMITATIONS OF WESTERN BLOT Can give indeterminate results in: Pregnancy Malaria After administration of tetanus toxoid. Autoimmune conditions.
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TREATMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS While there's no cure for HIV, there are very effective treatments that enable most people with the virus to live a long and healthy life. Emergency HIV drugs: If the patient have been exposed to the virus, post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) medicine may stop patient from becoming infected.
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TREATMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS Pep must be started within 72 hours of coming into contact with the virus for it to be effective. It's only recommended following higher risk exposure, particularly where the sexual partner is known to be positive. Pep involves taking HIV treatment every day for 1 month. It may cause some side effects. The patient should be able to get Pep from: Sexual health clinics or genitourinary medicine clinics Hospitals – usually accident and emergency departments.
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TREATMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS If the patient is tested with HIV positive, can use Antiretroviral drugs: HIV is treated with antiretroviral medications, which work by stopping the virus replicating in the body. This allows the immune system to repair itself and prevent further damage. Usually, people who have just been diagnosed with HIV take between 1 and 4 pills a day. The amount of HIV virus in your blood (viral load) is measured to see how well treatment is working. Once it can no longer be measured it's known as undetectable. Most people taking daily HIV treatment reach an undetectable viral load within 6 months of starting treatment.
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Thank you