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Guideline for Heart Failure PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Guideline for Heart Failure" by American Heart Association.

This medical PowerPoint presentation provides Guideline for Heart Failure. Heart failure is a serious medical condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. It can lead to a range of symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and feet.

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Published on : Mar 17, 2023 | Views : 1551 | Downloads : 7

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AHA Clinical Update ADAPTED FROM: 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for Heart Failure
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Definition of HF Epidemiology and Causes Initial and Serial Evaluation Stage A (Patients at risk for HF) & Stage B (Patients with Pre-HF) Stage C HF & Stage D (Advanced) HF Value Statements Additional Medical Therapies after GDMT Optimization Device and Interventional Therapies for HFrEF Valvular Heart Disease Recommendations for Patients with Mildly Reduced LVEF Recommendations for Patients with Preserved LVEF Cardiac Amyloidosis Stage D (Advanced) HF Patients Hospitalized with acute decompensated HF Comorbidities in patients with HF Special Populations Quality Metrics and Reporting Goals of Care Patient-Reported Outcomes and Evidence Gaps and Future Research Directions 2
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Table 1. Applying Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence to Clinical Strategies, Interventions, Treatments, or Diagnostic Testing in Patient Care COR and LOE are determined independently (any COR may be paired with any LOE). A recommendation with LOE C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in guidelines do not lend themselves to clinical trials. Although RCTs are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective. *The outcome or result of the intervention should be specified (an improved clinical outcome or increased diagnostic accuracy or incremental prognostic information). †For comparative-effectiveness recommendation (COR 1 and 2a; LOE A and B only), studies that support the use of comparator verbs should involve direct comparisons of the treatments or strategies being evaluated. ‡The method of assessing quality is evolving, including the application of standardized, widely-used, and preferably validated evidence grading tools; and for systematic reviews, the incorporation of an Evidence Review Committee. COR indicates Class of Recommendation; EO, expert opinion; LD, limited data; LOE, Level of Evidence; NR, nonrandomized; R, randomized; and RCT, randomized controlled trial. 3
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Stages of Heart Failure Abbreviations: CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; and NYHA, New York Heart Association. 4 STAGE A: At-Risk for Heart Failure Patients at risk for HF but without current or previous symptoms/signs of HF and without structural/functional heart disease or abnormal biomarkers. Patients with HTN, CVD, diabetes, obesity, exposure to cardiotoxic agents, genetic variant for cardiomyopathy, or family history of cardiomyopathy. STAGE B: Pre-Heart Failure STAGE C: Symptomatic Heart Failure STAGE D: Advanced Heart Failure Patients without current or previous symptoms/signs of HF but evidence of 1 of the following: structural heart disease, increased filling pressures, or risk factors and increased natriuretic peptide levels or cardiac troponin (in the absence of competing diagnosis) Patients with current or previous symptoms/signs of HF Marked HF symptoms that interfere with daily life and with recurrent hospitalizations despite attempts to optimize GDMT Trajectory of Stage C HF New Onset/De Novo HF Resolution of Symptoms Persistent HF Worsening HF
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Diagnostic Algorithm for HF and LVEF Based on HF Classification Abbreviations: BNP indicates B-type natriuretic peptide; ECG, electrocardiogram; HF, heart failure; HFimpEF, heart failure with improved ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; and NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide. 5 Assessment Clinical history Physical exam ECG, labs Transthoracic Echocardiography Additional testing, if necessary HF Diagnosis Confirmed Determine cause and classify Evaluate for precipitating factors Initiate treatment Serial HF assessment HFmrEF LVEF 41%-49% Initial Classification HFimpEF LVEF>40% Serial Assessment & Reclassification HFmrEF LVEF 41%-49% HFmrEF LVEF 41%-49%
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Epidemiology of Heart Failure in the United States Increase in HF related deaths from 2009 to 2014. Racial and ethnic disparities in death resulting from HF persist. Age-adjusted mortality rates for HF: 92/100,000 for non-Hispanic Black patients 87/100,000 for non-Hispanic White patients 53/100,000 for Hispanic patients Disparities in racial and ethnic HF outcomes warrant studies and health policy changes to address health inequity. Increase in HF hospitalizations from 2013 to 2017. Decline in overall HF incidence from 2011 to 2014 with declining incidence of HFrEF but increasing incidence of HFpEF. Abbreviations: HF indicates heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; and HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. 6
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Causes of Heart Failure Abbreviations: ASCVD indicates atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; PVC, premature ventricular contraction; and RV, right ventricle. 7 HTN Obesity Prediabetes/DM ASCVD Chemotherapy, cardiotoxic medications Rheumatologic or autoimmune Endocrine or metabolic Familial, inherited or genetic heart disease Heart rhythm-related (tachycardia-mediated, PVCs, RV pacing) HTN Infiltrative cardiac disease (amyloid, sarcoid, hemochromatosis) Myocarditis Peripartum cardiomyopathy Stress cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo) Substance abuse Ischemic Heart Disease & Myocardial Infarction Non-Ischemic Causes Risk Factors
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Initial Evaluation of Patients with Heart Failure History and Physical exam Class 1 Recommendations: Measure vitals signs and assess for evidence of congestion Evaluate for the presence of advanced HF In patients with cardiomyopathy use a 3-generation family history to screen for inherited disease Use H&P to direct diagnostic strategies to uncover causes which require disease specific management Identify cardiac & non-cardiac diseases, lifestyle & behavioral factors, and SDOH which may cause or worsen HF Laboratory and ECG testing Class 1 Recommendations: CBC, UA, serum electrolytes, serum creatinine, BUN, glucose, lipid profile, LFTs, iron studies, and TSH 12-lead ECG to optimize management For patients presenting with HF, the specific cause of HF should be explored using additional laboratory testing for appropriate management Abbreviations: BUN indicates blood urea nitrogen; CBC indicates complete blood count; ECG, electrocardiogram; H&P, history and physical; HF, heart failure; LFTs, liver function tests; SDOH, social determinates of health; and TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. 8
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Initial & Serial Evaluation: Use of Biomarkers In patients with dyspnea In patients hospitalized for HF In patients at risk for HF In patients with chronic HF REMINDER Potential noncardiac causes of elevated natriuretic peptide levels may include advancing age, anemia, renal failure, severe pneumonia, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary arterial hypertension, critical illness, bacterial sepsis, and severe burns. Abbreviations: BNP indicates B-type natriuretic peptide; CV, cardiovascular; HF, heart failure; and NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide. 9
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Initial & Serial Evaluation: Evaluation with Cardiac Imaging Chest X-Ray Class 1 Recommendation In patients with suspected or new-onset HF, or those presenting with acute decompensated HF, a chest x-ray should be performed to assess heart size and pulmonary congestion and to detect alternative cardiac, pulmonary, and other diseases that may cause or contribute to the patient’s symptoms. TTE Class 1 Recommendation In patients with suspected or newly diagnosed HF, TTE should be performed during initial evaluation to assess cardiac structure and function. Cardiac CT, CMR & SPECT/PET Class 1 Recommendation In patients for whom echo. is inadequate, alternative imaging (e.g., CMR, cardiac CT, radionuclide imaging) is recommended for assessment of LVEF. In patients with HF who have had a significant clinical change, or who have received GDMT and are being considered for invasive procedures or device therapy, repeat measurement of EF, degree of structural remodeling, & valvular function are useful to inform therapeutic interventions. Class 2a Recommendation In patients with HF or cardiomyopathy, CMR can be useful for diagnosis or management. Ischemia Evaluation Class 2a Recommendation In patients with HF, an evaluation for possible ischemic heart disease can be useful to identify the cause and guide management . Class 2b Recommendation In patients with HF and CAD who are candidates for coronary revascularization, noninvasive stress imaging (stress echo., single-photon emission CT [SPECT], CMR, or PET] may be considered for detection of myocardial ischemia to help guide coronary revascularization. Class 3 No Benefit In patients with HF in the absence of: 1) clinical status change, 2) treatment interventions that might have had a significant effect on cardiac function, or 3) candidacy for invasive procedures or device therapy, routine repeat assessment of LV function is not indicated. Abbreviations: CAD indicates coronary artery disease; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; CT, computed tomography; echo, echocardiography; EF, ejection fraction; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PET, position emission tomography; SPECT, single-photon emission CT; and TTE, transthoracic echocardiography. 10
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Initial & Serial Evaluation: Invasive Evaluation of Patients with HF Invasive Hemodynamics Endomyocardial Biopsy Guiding Principle: Invasive evaluations are most appropriate when they will guide management and influence therapy. Due to the risk of complications, invasive procedures should not be used for the routine evaluation of HF. Abbreviation: HF indicates heart failure. 11
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Initial & Serial Evaluation Wearables & Remote Monitoring In patients with NYHA class III HF with a HF hospitalization within the previous year, wireless monitoring of the PA pressure by an implanted hemodynamic monitor provides uncertain value. Value Statement: Uncertain Value (B-NR) HF hospitalization in the past year or elevated natriuretic peptide levels Adult patients with NYHA III HF Maximally tolerated stable doses of GDMT with optimal device therapy The usefulness of wireless monitoring of PA pressure by an implanted hemodynamic monitor to reduce the risk of subsequent HF hospitalizations is uncertain. (Class 2b) Source: Pennmedicine.org Exercise & Functional Capacity Testing Abbreviations: CPET indicates cardiopulmonary exercise testing; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and PA, pulmonary artery. 12
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I-PRESERVE Score TOPCAT Seattle Heart Failure model MAGGIC Heart failure survival score CHARM Risk score ADHERE Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Model AHA Get with The Guidelines score EFFECT Risk score ESCAPE Risk Model and Discharge score Initial & Serial Evaluation: Clinical Assessment HF Risk Scoring Selected Multivariable Risk Scores to Predict Outcome in HF Acutely Decompensated HF Chronic HF All patients HFpEF specific CORONA Risk score GUIDE-IT PARADIGM -HF HFrEF specific HF- ACTION Abbreviations: ADHERE indicates Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; AHA, American Heart Association; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; CHARM, Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity; CORONA, Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure; EFFECT, Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment; ESCAPE, Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness; GUIDE-ID, Guiding Evidence-Based Therapy Using Biomarker Intensified Treatment; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HF-ACTION, Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training MAGGIC Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure; I-PRESERVE, Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Study; PCP-HF, Pooled Cohort Equations to Prevent HF; and TOPCAT, Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist trial. 13
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Recommendations for Patients at Risk of HF & Pre-HF At Risk for HF (Stage A) Primary Prevention Pre-HF (Stage B) Preventing the Syndrome Patients with hypertension Optimal control of BP (1) Patients with Type 2 diabetes and CVD or high risk for CVD SGLT2i (1) Patients with CVD Optimal management of CVD (1) Patients with exposure to cardiotoxic agents Multidisciplinary evaluation and management (1) First-degree relatives of patients with genetic or inherited cardiomyopathies Genetic screening and counselling (1) Patients at risk for HF Natriuretic peptide screening (2a) Patients at risk for HF Validated multivariable risk score (2a) Patients with LVEF ≤ 40% ACEi (1) Patient with recent MI and LVEF ≤ 40 % ARB if ACEi intolerant (1) Patients with LVEF ≤ 40% Beta blocker (1) Patient with LVEF ≤ 30 %; >1 y survival; >40 d post MI ICD (1) Patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy Genetic counselling and testing (2a) Continue Lifestyle modification and management strategies implemented in Stage A, through Stage B Abbreviations: ACEi indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; and SGLT2i, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. 14
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Treatment of HFrEF Stages C and D NOTE: *Participation in investigational studies is appropriate for stage C, NYHA class II and III HF. Abbreviations: ACEi indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; hydral-nitrates, hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MCS, mechanical circulatory support; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SCD, sudden cardiac death; and SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. 15 STEP 1 Established diagnosis of HFrEFAddress congestionInitiate GDMT STEP 2 Titrate to Target dosing as tolerated, labs, health status, and LVEF STEP 3 Consider these patient scenarios STEP 4 Implement additional GDMT and device therapy, as indicated STEP 5 Reassess symptoms, labs, health status, and LVEF STEP 6 Referral for HF specialty care for additional therapy Continue GDMT with serial reassessment and optimize dosing, adherence and patient education, address goals of care HFrEFLVEF ≤40% (Stage C) ARNI in NYHA II-III;ACEi or ARB in NYHA II-IV (1) Beta blocker (1) MRA (1) SGLT2i (1) Diuretics as needed (1) LVEF ≤40%Persistent HFrEF (Stage C) LVEF >40%HFImpEF (Stage C) NYHA I-III; ambulatory IV; LVEF ≤35%; NSR and QRS ≥150 ms with LBBB NYHA I-III; LVEF ≤35%; >1 y survival NYHA III-IV, in African American patients Consider additional therapies CRT-D (1) ICD (1) Hydral-nitrates (1) Symptoms improved Refractory HF(Stage D) Investigational studies* Palliative care (1)(Can be initiated before Stage D) Cardiac transplant (1) In Selected patients, durable MCS (1)
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Value Statements for GDMT for HFrEF Take Home Point: An important aspect of HF care, Class 1 recommended medical therapies for HFrEF have very high value (low cost). 16 In patients: With previous or current symptoms of chronic HFrEF, in whom ARNi is not feasible, tx with ACEi or ARB provides high economic value. Value Statement: High Value (A) With chronic symptomatic HFrEF, tx with an ARNi instead of an ACEi provides high economic value. Value Statement: High Value (A) With HFrEF and NYHA class II to IV symptoms, MRA therapy provides high economic value. Value Statement: High Value (A) With HFrEF, with current or previous symptoms, beta-blocker therapy provides high economic value. Value Statement: High Value (A) With symptomatic chronic HFrEF, SGLT2i therapy provides intermediate economic value. Value Statement: Intermediate Value (A) Self-identified as African American with NYHA class III to IV HFrEF who are receiving optimal medical therapy with ACEi or ARB, beta blockers, and MRA, the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate provides high economic value. Value Statement: High Value (B-NR) Abbreviations: ACEi indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i, NR, non-randomized; sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; and tx, treatment.
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Value Statements for Device Therapy A transvenous ICD provides high economic value in the primary prevention of SCD particularly when the patient’s risk of death caused by ventricular arrythmia is deemed high and the risk of nonarrhythmic death (either cardiac or noncardiac) is deemed low based on the patient’s burden of comorbidities & functional status. Value Statement: High Value (A) For patients who have LVEF <35%, sinus rhythm, LBBB with a QRS duration of >150 ms, and NYHA class II, III, or ambulatory IV symptoms on GDMT, CRT implantation provides high economic value. Value Statement: High Value (B-NR) 17 Abbreviations: CRT indicates cardiac resynchronization therapy; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; ICD; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ms; millisecond; NR, nonrandomized; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and SCD, sudden cardiac death.
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Additional Medical Therapies after GDMT Optimization Ivabradine ( 2a) In patients with LVEF ≤ 35% with NYHA II-III; NSR with HR ≥ 70 bpm at rest on maximally tolerated Beta- Blockers. Initial dose: 5 mg BID Target dose: 7.5 mg BID Vericiguat (2b) In patients with LVEF ≤ 45%; recent HFH or IV diuretics; elevated NP levels. Initial dose: 2.5 mg daily Target dose: 10 mg daily Digoxin ( 2b) In patients with symptomatic HF despite GDMT or unable to tolerate GDMT. Initial dose: 0.125-0.25 mg QID (follow monogram) Target dose: titrate to achieve serum concentration 0.5- <0.9 ng/ml PUFA (2b) In patients with HF and NYHA II-IV Dose: 1 gram daily of n-3PUFA (850-880 mg of EPA and DHA) Potassium binders (2b) Additional medical therapies after optimizing GDMT Abbreviations: DHA indicates docosaexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HFH, heart failure hospitalization; HR, heart rate; IV, intravenous; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NP, natriuretic peptide; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; and RAASi, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. 18 In HF patients with hyperkalemia (≥ 5.5 mEq/L) while taking RAASi. Medications: Patiromer; sodium zirconium cyclosilicate
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Algorithm for CRT Indications in Patients with Cardiomyopathy or HFrEF Abbreviations: AF indicates atrial fibrillation; Amb, ambulatory; CM, cardiomyopathy; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HB, heart block; HF, Heart Failure; HFH, heart failure hospitalization; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and RV, right ventricle. 19 CRT recommendations Patients with HF on GDMT >3mo and > 40 d if after MI, or with a special indication for pacing Comorbidities limit survival to <1 year LVEF 36-50% LBBB ≥150ms (1) High degree or complete heart block(2a) Continue GDMT without device General health status Evaluate LVEF LVEF ≤35% LVEF≤30%; Ischemic CM; LBBB≥150ms (2b) NYHA I NYHA II- Amb Class IV Non LBBB≥150 ms (2a) LBBB 120-149 ms(2a) Non LBBB 120-149 ms (2b) Special Circumstances AF RV pacing frequent or anticipated (2a) NSR RV pacing frequent or anticipated (2a)
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Additional Device Therapies after GDMT Optimization Abbreviations: GDMT indicates guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HFH, heart failure hospitalization; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end systolic dimension; MR, mitral regurgitation; MV, mitral valve; NP, natriuretic peptide; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure. 20 In selected patients with HF LVEF ≤35% and suitable coronary anatomy NYHA II-IV; HFrEF; severe secondary MR NYHA II-IV; Severe secondary MR; Suitable anatomy; LVEF 20-50%; LVESD ≤70 mm; PASP ≤70 mmHg NYHA III; History of HFH or Elevated NP levels Additional Device Therapies after optimizing GDMT Surgical revascularization (1) Transcatheter edge-to-edge MV repair (2a) Wireless PA pressure by implanted hemodynamic monitor ( 2b) Optimization of GDMT before Intervention for secondary MR (1)
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Treatment Approach in Secondary Mitral Regurgitation NOTE: *Chordal-sparing MV replacement may be reasonable to choose over downsized annuloplasty repair. Abbreviations: AF indicates atrial fibrillation; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; ERO, effective regurgitant orifice; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, Heart Failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; MR, mitral regurgitation; MV, mitral valve; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RF, regurgitant fraction; Rvol, regurgitant volume; and Rx, medication. 21 GDMT supervised by HF specialist (1) Severe Stage D MR (Rvol ≥60 ml, RF≥50%, ERO≥0.40 cm2) Secondary Mitral Regurgitation LVEF ≥50% LVEF <50% MV surgery (2b) Persistent symptoms on optimal GDMT Severe persistent symptoms on optimal GDMT and AF Rx Transcatheter edge-to-edge MV repair (2a) Mitral anatomy favorable: LVEF 20-50%; LVESD≤70mm; PASP≤70 mmHg? Undergoing CABG MV surgery* (2a) NO YES Severe symptoms MV surgery (2b)
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Recommendations for Patients with Mildly Reduced LVEF Abbreviations: ARB indicates angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; and SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor. 22 Treatment for HFmrEF Symptomatic HF with LVEF 41-49% ACEi, ARB, ARNi (2b) SGLT2i (2a) Diuretics, as needed (1) MRA (2b) Evidence-based beta blockers for HFrEF (2b) Patients With HFimpEF
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Recommendations for Patients with Preserved LVEF NOTE: *Greater benefit in patients with LVEF closer to 50% Abbreviations: ACEi indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; HFimpEF, heart failure with improved ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; and SGLT2i, sodium- glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. 23 Treatment for HFpEF Symptomatic HF with LVEF ≥50% ARNi* (2b) SGLT2i (2a) Diuretics, as needed (1) MRA* (2b) ARB* (2b)
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis Abbreviations: AF indicates atrial fibrillation; AL-CM, AL amyloid cardiomyopathy; ATTR-CM, transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy; ATTRV, variant transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTRwt, wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis; CHA›DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, sex category; ECG, electrocardiogram; H/CL, heart to contralateral chest; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IFE, immunofixation electrophoresis; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PYP, pyrophosphate: Tc. technetium: and TTR. Transthyretin. 24 History, ECG, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis Check for monoclonal light chains (1) Presence of monoclonal light chain? Check Tc-99m-PYP scan (1) Hematology-oncology consultation and consider heart or other biopsy NO YES Perform TTR gene sequencing (1) Tc-99m-PYP abnormal? Cardiac amyloidosis unlikely NO YES Treatment ATTRwt-CM ATTRv-CM Referral to genetic counselor Potential screening of family members TTR silencer therapy if neuropathy Amyloid on heart biopsy? Anticoagulation regardless of CHA2DS2-VASc score (2a) Tafamidis (1) NYHA I-III symptoms Atrial fibrillation Treatment by hematologist-oncologist Individualized therapy HFrEF Cardiac amyloidosis unlikely No evidence of amyloid AL-CM ATTR-CM Evidence of amyloid At 2020 list prices, tafamidis provides low economic value (>$180,000 per QALY gained) in patients with HF with wild-type or variant transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. Value Statement: Low Value (B-NR)
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Recommendation for Specialty Referral to Advanced HF Consider if “I-Need-Help” to aid with recognition of patients with advanced HF: Complete assessment is not required before referral After patients develop end-organ dysfunction or cardiogenic shock, they may no longer quality for advanced therapies 25 I Intravenous inotropes N New York Heart Association class IIIB or IV, or persistently elevated natriuretic peptides E End-organ dysfunction E EF ≤35% D Defibrillator shocks H Hospitalizations >1 E Edema despite escalating diuretics L Low systolic BP ≤90mmHg P Prognostic medication; intolerance of GDMT Abbreviations: BP indicates blood pressure; EF, ejection fraction; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; and LVAD, left ventricular assist device.
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Non-pharmacological Management in Advanced HF Abbreviations: Cr indicates creatinine; HF, heart failure; IV, intravenous; Na+, sodium; and RCT, randomized clinical trial. Meta-analysis1 of 6 RCTs comparing liberal and restricted fluid intake No difference in mortality or HF hospitalization No difference in serum Na+ or Cr No difference in duration of IV diuretics 26
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Inotropic Support Despite improving hemodynamic compromise, positive inotropic agents have not shown improved survival in patients with HF in either the hospital or outpatient setting. Abbreviations: GDMT indicates guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; and MCS, mechanical circulatory support. 27
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Durable Mechanical Support with Left Ventricular Assist Device SOURCE: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ventricular-assist-device/multimedia/left-ventricular-assist-device/img-20006714 Abbreviations: CRT indicates cardiac resynchronization therapy; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; and VO2, oxygen uptake. 28
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Mechanical Circulatory Support Despite improving hemodynamic compromise, positive inotropic agents have not shown improved survival in patients with HF in either the hospital or outpatient setting. In patients with advanced HFrEF who have NYHA class IV symptoms despite GDMT, durable MCS devices provide low to intermediate economic value based on current costs and outcomes Value Statement: Uncertain Value (B-NR) Abbreviations: GDMT indicates guideline-directed medical therapy; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IV, intravenous; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; MCS, mechanical circulatory support; NR, nonrandomized; NYHA, New York Heart Associations; and QOL, quality of life. 29
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Cardiac Transplantation Median survival of adult transplant recipients is >12 years; versus <2 years for patients with stage D HF without advanced therapies. In patients with stage D HF despite GDMT, cardiac transplantation provides intermediate economic value. Value Statement: Intermediate Value (C-LD) Abbreviations: CPET indicates cardiopulmonary exercise test; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; LD, limited data; and QOL, quality of life. 30
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Assessment of Patients Hospitalized With Decompensated HF Evaluation Goals for GDMT Abbreviation: GDMT indicates guideline-directed medical therapy. 31
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GDMT During Hospitalization Oral GDMT should be continued and optimized on admission, as doing so is associated with lower post-discharge death and readmission. Admission: Continue GDMT, unless contraindicated (Class 1) Inpatient: Continue diuresis despite mild reduction in renal function and BP (Class 1) Pre-Discharge: Re-initiate and/or optimize GDMT when clinically stable (Class 1) Abbreviations: ACEi indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARNi, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; AV, atrioventricular; BP, blood pressure; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; and VTE, venous thromboembolism. 32 Special considerations Consider discontinuation of beta blockers in patients with low cardiac output, severe volume overload, advanced AV block or ACEi/ARNi with angioedema VTE prophylaxis is recommended in all hospitalized patients
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Decongestion Strategy Abbreviations: BUN indicates blood urea nitrogen; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy IV, intravenous; and MRA; mineralocorticoid. 33 MONITORING INITIAL MANAGEMENT TITRATE** DISCHARGE Fluid intake and output Standardize daily weight Clinical signs of congestion Hypoperfusion Labs: Electrolytes BUN Creatinine IV Loop Diuretic (Class 1) Provide diuretic adjustment plan (Class 1) **Titration of diuretics and GDMT during hospitalization to resolve congestion, reduce symptoms and prevent readmission (Class 1) IV nitroglycerin or nitroprusside may be added as an adjunct to diuretics for dyspnea in the absence of hypotension (Class 2b) Double IV loop diuretic dose (Class 2a) Sequential nephron blockade (e.g. thiazide) (Class 2a) Loop diuretic infusion (Class 2a) Additional of MRA Low-dose dopamine
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Hospitalized Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Shock: Clinical Criteria SBP <90 mm Hg for > 30 minutes Mean BP < 60 mm Hg for >30 minutes Requirement of vasopressors to maintain SBP ≥ 90 mm Hg or mean BP ≥60 mm Hg Hypoperfusion: Decreased mentation Cold extremities, livedo reticularis Urine output < 30 mL/h Lactate >2 mmol/L Shock: Hemodynamic Criteria SBP <90 mmHg or mean BP <60 mmHg Cardiac Index <2.2 L/min/m2 PCW >15 mm Hg Other hemodynamic considerations Cardiac power output <0.6 W Shock index >1 RV shock pulmonary artery pulse index <1 CVP > 15 mm Hg CVP-PCW >0.6 Abbreviations: BP indicates blood pressure; CVP, central venous pressure; h, hour; L, liter; m2 , square meter; MCS, mechanical circulatory shock; min, minute; ml, milliliter; ; mmHg, millimeter of mercury; mmol, a thousandth of a mole; PA, pulmonary artery; PCW, pulmonary capillary wedge, SBP, systolic blood pressure.; and W, watts. 34
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Transitions of Care A transition of care plan should be communicated prior to discharge (1) This should include… 1 Early follow-up, ideally within 7 days (Class 2a) 2 Referrals to multidisciplinary HF management programs (Class 1) 3 Participation in benchmarking programs to improve GDMT and quality of care (Class 2a) 4 Addressing precipitating causes and high-risk factors (e.g. co-morbidities and SDOH) 5 Adjusting diuretics 6 Coordination of safety laboratory checks Abbreviations: GDMT indicates goal-directed medical therapies; HF, heart failure; and SDOH, social determinates of health. 35
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Additional Therapies in Patients with HF and Comorbidities In addition to optimized GDMT Patients with HF and hypertension Optimal treatment according to hypertension guidelines (1) Patients with HF and type 2 diabetes SGLT2i for management of hyperglycemia (1) Select patients with HF and LVEF < 35% and suitable coronary anatomy Surgical revascularization (1) Patients with HF attributable to VHD or cancer therapy Multidisciplinary Management (1) Select patients with HF and AF Anticoagulation (1) Patients with HFrEF and iron deficiency IV iron replacement (2a) Patients with AF and LVEF < 50% if rhythm control strategy fails/not desired and ventricular rates remain rapid despite medical therapy AV nodal ablation and CRT implantation (2a) Patients with HF and symptoms attributable to AF Atrial Fibrillation ablation (2a) Patients with HF with obstructive sleep apnea CPAP (2a) In asymptomatic patients with cancer therapy-related cardiomyopathy (EF < 50%) ARB, ACEi, and beta blockers (2a) Abbreviations: ACEi indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AV, atrioventricular; CHA2DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack [TIA], vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, sex category; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; EF, ejection fraction; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IV, intravenous; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; and VHD, valvular heart disease. 36
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Recommendations for Managing Comorbidities in Patients With HF Management of anemia or iron deficiency Management of hypertension Management of sleep disorders Management of diabetes Abbreviations: GDMT indicates guideline directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; QOL, quality of life; and SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor. 37
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Recommendations for Management of AF in HF Abbreviations: AF indicates atrial fibrillation; AV, atrioventricular; CHA2DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack [TIA], vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, sex category; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; and QOL, quality of life. 38
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Recommendations for Disparities and Vulnerable Populations Abbreviations: CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; and HF, heart failure. 39
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Recommendations for Cardio-Oncology Abbreviations: ACEi indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BB, beta blocker; CV, cardiovascular; EF, ejection fraction; and HF, heart failure. 40
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Recommendations for HF and Pregnancy In women with a history of HF or cardiomyopathy, including previous peripartum cardiomyopathy, patient-centered counseling regarding contraception and the risks of cardiovascular deterioration during pregnancy should be provided (1) In women with acute HF caused by peripartum cardiomyopathy and LVEF <30%, anticoagulation may be reasonable at diagnosis, until 6 to 8 weeks postpartum, although the efficacy and safety are uncertain (2b) In women with HF or cardiomyopathy who are pregnant or currently planning for pregnancy, ACEi, ARB, ARNi, MRA, SGLT2i, ivabradine, and vericiguat should not be administered because of significant risks of fetal harm (3 – Harm) Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; and SGLT2i, T2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor. 41
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Performance Measures Hospitals performing well on medication-related performance measures have better HF mortality rates. Hospitals participating in registries have better processes of care and outcomes. Performance measures can be implemented in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Abbreviations: CPG indicates clinical practice guideline; HF, heart failure; QI, quality improvement; and PM, performance measure. 42
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Goals of Care Abbreviations: HF indicates heart failure; and QOL, quality of life. 43
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Patient Reported Outcomes Abbreviations: HF indicates heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and QOL, quality of life. 44 NYHA-I NYHA-II NYHA-III NYHA-IV Health status encapsulates symptoms, functional status, and health-related QOL. No limitation of physical activity Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity results in symptoms Unable to carry on any physical activity with symptoms Comfortable at rest, but ordinary activity results in symptoms Standardized patient-reported health status questionnaires are independently associated with clinical outcomes. Understanding symptom burden and prognosis may improve quality of treatment decisions and QOL. Routine assessment can identify high-risk patients needing closer monitoring or referral. Patient-reported health status assessment increases the patient’s role, which can motivate initiation and up titration of medical therapy.
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Evidence Gaps and Future Research Directions Common issues that should be addressed in future clinical research Definitions Cardiomyopathies Myocardial injury Ejection fraction ranges Screening Cost effectiveness Predict higher risk patients based on comorbidities Diagnostics & monitoring Treatment based on etiology Using biomarkers to optimize therapy Nonmedical strategies Dietary intervention Efficacy and safety ofcardiac rehab Medical therapies See complete list in Table 33 of guideline document Device Management and Advanced Therapies Timely selection for invasive therapies Interventional approach to tachyarrhythmias Safety and efficacy of nerve stimulation/ ablation Clinical outcomes Impact of therapy in patient-reported outcomes Addressing patient goals according to disease trajectory Generalization of therapy not represented in trials Systems of Care and SDOH Multidisciplinary care models Eliminating disparities Palliative care Comorbidities Atrial fibrillation and Valvular heart disease Comorbidities and obesity Nutritional management Guideline therapy institution in patients with chronic kidney disease Future/Novel strategies Pharmacologic therapies Device therapy Invasive or non-invasive hemodynamics Telehealth and wearabletechnologies 45 Abbreviations: SDOH indicates social determinates of health.
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Acknowledgments Many thanks to our Guideline Ambassadors who were guided by Dr. Elliott Antman in developing this translational learning product in support of the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for Heart Failure. Neha Chandra, MD Maxwell D. Eder, MD Rishin Handa, MD Gini Jeyashanmugaraja, MD Jennifer Maning, MD Sean Patrick Murphy, MD Taylor Saley, MD Rey Sanchez, MD Mohamed Suliman, MD The American Heart Association requests this electronic slide deck be cited as follows: Chandra, N., Eder, M. D., Handa, R., Jeyashanmugaraja, G., Maning, J., Medhane, F., Murphy, S. P., Saley, T., Sanchez, R., Suliman, M., Bezanson, J. L., & Antman, E. M. (2022). AHA Clinical Update; Adapted from: 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for Heart Failure. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news. 46