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General Anatomy of the Urinary System PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide 1-

General Anatomy of Urinary System
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Introduction 1.The urinary system, also known as the renal system 2.The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and conduct urine to the point of excretion.
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URINARY SYSTEM ORGANS  Kidneys (2)  Ureters (2)  Urinary bladder  Urethra
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Kidneys  The human body normally has two paired kidneys, one on the left and one on the right.  The functional unit of the kidney is nephron.  Urine is formed by nephrons Location and External Anatomy of Kidneys  Located retroperitoneally  Lateral to T12–L3 vertebrae  Average kidney  12 cm tall, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick
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KIDNEY Gross anatomy  Renal parenchyma  Renal sinus
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Renal parenchyma  Renal pyramids  Extensions of cortex (renal columns) divide medulla into 6 – 10 renal pyramids  Pyramid + overlying cortex = Lobe  Point of pyramid = Papilla  Papilla nested in cup (minor calyx)  2 – 3 minor calices  Major calyx  2 – 3 major calices  Renal pelvis  Renal pelvis  Ureter Renal sinus  Surrounded by renal parenchyma  Contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves, urine-collecting structures  Hilus  On concave surface  Vessels and nerves enter and exit KIDNEY ANATOMY
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NEPHRONS Nephrons  Functional units of kidney  ~1.2 million per kidney  Three main parts  Blood vessels  Renal corpuscle  Renal tubule Blood vessels servicing kidney  Glomerulus  Fenestrated capillaries  Capillary filtration in glomerulus initiates urine production  Filtrate lacks cells & proteins  Drained by efferent arteriole  Peritubular capillaries      Renal vein
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Renal corpuscle  Composed of a glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule,  The renal corpuscle is the beginning of the nephron.  It is the nephron's initial filtering component. Glomerulus  The glomerulus is a capillary tuft that receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation.  The glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for water and solutes to be filtered out of the blood and into the space made byBowman's capsule
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Bowman's capsule  The Bowman's capsule, also called the glomerular capsule.  surrounds the glomerulus.  It is composed of a visceral inner layer formed by specialized cells called podocytes.  Parietal outer layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. NOTE Renal corpuscle  Glomerulus plus capsule  Glomerulus enclosed in two-layered glomerular capsule  “Bowman’s capsule”  Fluid filters from glomerular capillaries  “Glomerular filtrate”  Fluid collects in capsular space  Fluid flows into renal tubule
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Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)  Arises from glomerular capsule  Longest, most coiled region  lies in cortex  lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with brush borders which help to increase the area of absorption greatly.)  Prominent microvilli  Function in absorption Nephron loop (“Loop of Henle”)  “U” – shaped, distal to PCT  lies in medulla 2 parts  Descending limb of loop of Henle  Ascending limb of loop of Henle
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Ascending limb of loop of Henle  The ascending limb of loop of Henle is divided into 2 segments:  Lower end of ascending limb is very thin and is lined by simple squamous epithelium.  The distal portion of ascending limb is thick and is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)  Coiled, distal to nephron loop  Shorter than PCT  Less coiled than PCT  Very few microvilli  Contacts afferent and efferent arterioles
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The Ureters  Pair of muscular tubes  Extend from renal pelvis to the bladder  Oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine Urinary Bladder  A collapsible muscular sac  Stores and expels urine  Full bladder – spherical • Expands into the abdominal cavity  Empty bladder – lies entirely within the pelvis
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Urethra  Conveys urine from body  Internal urethral sphincter  Retains urine in bladder  Smooth muscle, involuntary  External urethral sphincter  Provides voluntary control over voiding of urine Urethra in female  3 – 4 cm long in females  Bound by connective tissue to anterior wall of vagina  Urethral orifice exits body between vaginal orifice and clitoris
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Urethra in male  ~18 cm long in males  Prostatic urethra • ~2.5 cm long, urinary bladder  prostate Membranous urethra • ~0.5 cm, passes through floor of pelvic cavity  Penile urethra • ~15 cm long, passes through penis
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Urinary System  Kidneys – produce urine  Ureters –transport urine to bladder  Urinary bladder - stores urine  Urethra transports urine to exterior Functions of the urinary system  Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma  Regulating blood volume and pressure  Regulating plasma ion concentrations  Stabilizing blood pH  Conserving nutrients
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Thank You