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Gel Electrophoresis PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : DNA can come from tissue or body fluid, such as cheek cells, blood, skin, and hair.

Tags : Medical Genetics,Gel Electrophoresis,Electrophoresis,DNA,Polymerase Chain Reaction

Published on : Jan 24, 2024 | Views : 1258 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

Gel Electrophoresis
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What is Gel Electrophoresis? Gel electrophoresis is a process that separates fragments of DNA based on their sizes.
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Step 1 Place DNA into tubes DNA can come from tissue or body fluid, such as cheek cells, blood, skin, and hair.
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Step 2 Polymerase Chain Reaction The polymerase chain reaction uses a machine called a thermocycler to quickly copy a piece of DNA. Continue these three steps 30 to 40 times to get lots of copies of DNA.
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Step 3 Place restriction enzymes into DNA The restriction enzymes cut the DNA into different sizes according to it’s sequence.
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Step 4 Dye DNA and place into gel The gel is made out of agarose, which is similar to jello. The gel is made with wells at one end so that the DNA can be loaded into the gel.
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Step 5 Run electric current through gel DNA is negatively charged so it will move towards the positively charged end of the gel.
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Step 6 Smaller pieces of DNA travel farther than Larger pieces of DNA End result!
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Gel Electrophoresis is used to... Solve criminal cases Solve paternity cases Diagnose genetic diseases Determine genetic kinship among species
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Adv Disadv Easy to do DNA does not get ruined in the process You only need a small amount of DNA to start with DNA can be detected no matter what size it is Expensive Time consuming Uses hazardous material
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Why electrophoresis? To separate DNA fragments from each other To determine the sizes of DNA fragments To determine the presence or amount of DNA To analyze restriction digestion products
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Introduction Of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Agarose gel electrophorresis is a method to separate DNA or RNA molecules by size. This is achieved by moving negatively charged nucleic acid molecules through an agarose matrix with an electric field (electrophoresis). Shorter molecules move faster and migrate faster than longer ones .
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Principle of electrophoresis powerful separation method frequently used to analyze DNA fragments generated by restriction enzymes convenient analytical method for determining the size of DNA molecules in the range of 500 to 30,000 base pairs. employs electromotive force to move molecules through a porous gel
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Principle (cont.) separates molecules from each other on the basis of size and/or charge and/or shape basis of separation depends on how the sample and gel are prepared
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Material required for agarose gel electrophoresis Electrophoresis chamber Agarose gel Gel casting tray Buffer Staining agent (dye) A comb DNA ladder Sample to be separate
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Electrophoresis Equipment
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What is Agarose ? A linear carbohydrate polymer extracted from seaweed , agarobiose forms a porous matrix as it gels shifts from random coil in solution to structure in which chains are bundled into double helices
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TYPES OF AGAROSE Standard Agarose - LE Gels at 35-38oC; Melts at 90-95oC Becomes opaque at high concentrations Low Melting Agarose (NuSieve) Gels at 35oC; Melts at 65oC Often used to isolate DNA fragments from gel Intermediate forms or combinations of LE and NuSieve can provide sturdy, translucent gels at high agarose concentrations .
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Concentrations of agarose used % Agarose (w/v) Size Range (kb pairs)for Optimal Separation 0.5 2-30 0.75 0.7-20 1.0 0.5-10 1.5 0.2-3 2.0 0.1-2 3.0 (Nu-Sieve) 0.07-1.5 4.0 (N-S) 0.04-0.9 5.0 (N-S) 0.03-0.6 6.0 (N-S) 0.01-0.4
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Gel Casting Trays available in a variety of sizes and composed of UV-transparent plastic. The open ends of the trays are closed with tape while the gel is being cast, then removed prior to electrophoresis.
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Applied voltage  voltage,  rate of migration The higher the voltage, the more quickly the gel runs But if voltage is too high, gel melts The best separation will apply voltage at no more than 5V/cm of gel length.
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Buffers During electrophoresis water undergoes hydrolysis : H2O  H + OH- Buffers prevent the pH from changing by reacting with the H+ or OH- products Most common buffer used is called TRIS [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]
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Buffers (cont.) Another compound is added to make Tris an effective buffer — either boric or acetic acid Another compound is added to bind metals EDTA The buffer is either TBE or TAE TBE is made with Tris/Boric Acid/EDTA TAE is made with Tris/Acetic Acid/ EDTA
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Staining of DNA To make DNA fragments visible after electrophoresis, the DNA must be stained The favorite—ethidium bromide When bound to DNA it fluoresces under ultraviolet light (reddish –orange colour) Convenient because it can be added directly to the gel Sensitive—detects 0.1ug of DNA
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Ethidium bromide The standard concentration used in staining DNA in gels is 0.5-1ug/mL Ethidium bromide is a fluorescent dye that intercalates between bases of nucleic acids and allows very convenient detection of DNA fragments in gels. Inserting itself between the base pairs in the double helix
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Staining of DNA (cont.) UV absorbance maxima at 300 and 360 nm and emission maxima at 590 nm. Detection limit of bound DNA is 0.5-5 ng/band. ethidium bromide is mutagenic so care must be taken while handling the dye. Othe alternatives for ethidium bromide : Methylene blue Syber safe xylene cyanol bromphenol blue
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A Comb A comb is placed in the liquid agarose after it has been poured Removing the comb from the hardened gel produces a series of wells used to load the DNA
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DNA ladder It is a solution of DNA molecules of different length DNA Ladder consists of known DNA sizes used to determine the size of an unknown DNA sample. The DNA ladder usually contains regularly spaced sized samples which when run on an agarose gel looks like a "ladder".
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Sample preparation
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Method For Electrophoresis Add running buffer, load samples and marker Run gel at constant voltage until band separation occurs Pour into casting tray with comb and allow to solidify View DNA on UV light box and show results Prepare agarose gel Melt, cool and add Ethidium Bromide. Mix thoroughly.
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• DNA is negatively charged. + - Power DNA • When placed in an electrical field, DNA will migrate toward the positive pole (anode). H  O2  • An agarose gel is used to slow the movement of DNA and separate by size.
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+ - Power DNA How fast will the DNA migrate? strength of the electrical field, buffer, density of agarose gel… Size of the DNA! *Small DNA move faster than large DNA …gel electrophoresis separates DNA according to size small large
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Within an agarose gel, linear DNA migrate inversely proportional to the log10 of their molecular weight.
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* Purified form of agar * Polysaccharide with repeating 1,3  D galactopyranose and 1,4-3, 6 unhydro L- galactopyranose residues obtained from agar * Unlike agar no EEO * Mostly used for DNA & RNA at low agarose concentration * Proteins up to 50 million daltons & above can easily pass through without hindrance. Hence, protein electrophoresis is based on net charge differences only in agarose. * DNA molecules are 6 times larger than proteins. Average pore size in agarose is larger than PAGE/starch hence used for DNA * Usual concentration 0.5% - 3.0%. * Fragile, used in horizontal slab arrangement. Agarose gel electrophoresis
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) 1. Native PAGE * Acrylamide monomer ((CH2= CH CO NH2) is co-polymerized with cross-linking agent- N N' methylene bisacrylamide in the presence of an initiator (ammonium per sulphate) 0.1 to 0.3% w/v and catalyst, tetra methylene ethylenediamine (TEMED)) . * Gelation occurs due to vinyl polymerization * Relative proportion of monomer & cross-linker decides percentage of acrylamide & porosity * Used up to 3-30% concentration (pH range=4.0-9.0). Lower concentration for DNA separation & higher concentration for protein separation. * High degree of reproducibility & precise porosity * Transparent, no endosmosis, do not absorb UV; suitable for histochemical analysis.
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DNA SEQUENCING 37
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