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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Exploring Models of Disability and Bias" by Cara N. Whalen Smith, PT, DPT, MPH, CHES.
This medical PowerPoint presentation talks about Models of Disability and Bias.
There are several models of disability, each with its own perspective on how disability should be understood and addressed. These models include the medical model, the social model, the moral model, the charity model, and the human rights model.
The medical model of disability views disability as a medical problem that needs to be cured or treated. This model focuses on the individuals impairment and medical condition, rather than the social and environmental factors that may be contributing to their disability. This model can lead to bias against people with disabilities because it assumes that they need to be fixed or cured.
The social model of disability, on the other hand, views disability as a social construct that is created by societys failure to accommodate and include people with disabilities. This model recognizes that disability is not solely an individual problem but is also caused by societal barriers, such as inaccessible buildings or discriminatory attitudes. The social model can help reduce bias against people with disabilities by emphasizing the importance of removing these societal barriers.
The moral model of disability views disability as a punishment for immoral behavior or a result of sin. This model can lead to bias against people with disabilities because it assumes that their disability is their fault or a result of their own choices.
The charity model of disability views people with disabilities as objects of pity who are in need of charity or benevolence. This model can lead to bias against people with disabilities because it assumes that they are passive recipients of help rather than active members of society who deserve equal rights and opportunities.
The human rights model of disability views people with disabilities as individuals with the same rights and freedoms as everyone else. This model emphasizes the importance of removing barriers and ensuring that people with disabilities have access to the same opportunities and services as everyone else. This model can help reduce bias against people with disabilities by recognizing their inherent worth and dignity as human beings.
Overall, it is important to recognize the biases that exist in society towards people with disabilities and to work towards creating a more inclusive and accessible society that values and respects everyone, regardless of their abilities or disabilities.

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Published on : Mar 21, 2023 | Views : 1413 | Downloads : 4

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Exploring Models of Disability and Bias 2021 KARRN Conference Cara N. Whalen Smith, PT, DPT, MPH, CHES
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Principal Investigator, The Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center Evaluator and subject matter expert, Ohio Disability and Health Program Adjunct Faculty, The School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences 2 Introductions Cara Whalen Smith, PT, DPT, MPH, CHES
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Funding Acknowledgement The Ohio Disability and Health Program is supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement Number 5U59DD000931-03. The contents of this presentation are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3
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4 Definitions
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What is Disability? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a disability is any cognitive or physical impairment, activity limitation, and/or participation restriction Disability is the interaction between an individual's health condition and personal and environmental factors 5 WHO (2011); WHO (2001)
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Common Disability Classifications 6
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7 Prevalence of Disability
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Prevalence of Disability Globally 8 WHO (2011)
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Prevalence of Disability Nationally 9 Images: CDC (2020)
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Prevalence of Disability in Kentucky 10 CDC 2021
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11 Bias in Healthcare
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“One Man’s COVID-19 Death Raises the Worst Fears of Many People with Disabilities” (Shapiro, 2020) 12
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13 Models of Disability
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Moral Model People are morally responsible for their disability Disability is a "curse" or "punishment" from higher being 14 Early Models of Disability
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Examples of the Moral Model According to the African Child Policy Forum, common beliefs about childhood disability include: Sin or promiscuity of the mother Ancestral curse Demonic possession 15 African Child Policy Forum, Violence against Children with Disabilities in Africa: Field Studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia (2011)
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Charity Model Encouraged charitable support towards people with disabilities Did not focus on the rights or capabilities of people with disabilities 16 Early Models of Disability Stella Young TED Talk Kuper and Myroslava (2018)
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Media Representations of Disability: The "Inspiration" or "Super Human" 17
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Media Representations of Disability: "The Villain" 18
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Media Representations of Disability: "The Victim" 19
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Disability is a result of a person’s physical impairments and seeks to find a cure for those impairments even when they do not cause pain or illness 20 Medical Model of Disability Kuper and Myroslava (2018)
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Disability is a result of the way society is organized rather than by a person’s impairment and seeks to remove barriers that restrict quality of life 21 Social Model of Disability Kuper and Myroslava (2018)
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22
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“Nothing about us without us” is the core of this model Calls for full inclusion of people with disabilities as a human right 23 Human Rights Model of Disability Kuper and Myroslava (2018)
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24 Biopsychosocial Model: International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Model of Disability Image: Kuper and Myroslava (2018); ICF: WHO (2001)
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Disability Inclusion "Inclusion means to transform communities based on social justice principles in which all community members: Are presumed competent Are recruited and welcomed as valued members of their community Fully participate and learn with their peers Experience reciprocal social relationships" “Inclusion is not a strategy to help people fit into the systems and structures which exist in our societies; it is about transforming those systems and structures to make it better for everyone. Inclusion is about creating a better world for everyone.” (Diane Richler, past president of Inclusion International) 25 NCHPAD (2020)
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26 Health Disparities for People with Disabilities
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Disability and Health The WHO defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” and makes the distinction between disability and health in the ICF model 27 Image: Kuper and Myroslava (2018); ICF: WHO (2001)
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“People with disabilities are not destined to a life of poor health by virtue of their disability.” Lack of institutional support and ableism contribute to poor health outcomes 28 Blick et al. (2015)
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Health Disparities In comparison to the general population, PWDs experience worse health outcomes and overall decreased access to healthcare PWDs are more likely to report being in ‘fair’ or ‘poor health’ than the general population There is also a higher risk of disability among people with poor health and people in poverty 29 Bhaumik et al. (2008); Blauwet and Iezzoni (2014); Burke et al. (2019); Cooper et al.(2007); Havercamp and Scott (2015); Havercamp et al. (2004); Krahn et al. (2015); Kuper and Heydt (2019); Kuper and Myroslava (2018); McGrother et al. (2006); Okoro et al. (2018); Ouellette-Kuntz (2005); Reichard et al., (2011); Rowland et al. (2014); Vanderbom et al. (2018)
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30 Image: CDC (2020)
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31 Image: CDC (2020)
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“One Man’s COVID-19 Death Raises the Worst Fears of Many People with Disabilities” (Shapiro, 2020) 32
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Perceptions of Quality of Life Ray and West 1984: 60% of people with paraplegia reported feeling more positively about themselves since becoming disabled Cushman and Dijkers 1990: Spinal cord injured rehabilitation patients were similar to the general population on self-ratings of depression, yet hospital staff consistently overestimated the patients' level of depression Gerhart et al. (1994): 86% of spinal cord injured high-level quadriplegics rated their quality of life as average or better than average. Only 17% of their ER doctors, nurses, and technicians thought they would have an average or better quality of life if they acquired quadriplegia 35
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36 How can we improve health equity for people with disabilities?
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Development of Disability Competencies 37 Broad Consensus among stakeholders Disability Advocates National Delphi process Family Members Individuals with Disabilities Healthcare Professionals Health Educators Disability Professionals Havercamp et al. (2020)
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38 Core Competencies on Disability for Health Care Education Havercamp et al. (2020); The Alliance (2020)
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39 Developed Guiding Principles and Values and 6 competencies Interprofessional Cross-disability Intellectual disability Developmental disability Sensory disability Mobility disability
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40 Shift in Approach From: Medical model – Disability is an attribute of the individual and is equated with pathology To: Biopsychosocial model – Disability and functioning are outcomes of interactions between health conditions and the environment Guiding Principles and Values
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41 Communication Skills and Relationship Building Respect for the whole patient Recognizing that implicit bias can impact care Guiding Principles and Values
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42 Accessible health care is a human right Guiding Principles and Values
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43 Working with Teams Gain skills for team-based practice that include patients with disability at the center of the team Guiding Principles and Values
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44 Assessing the Whole Patient Conduct exams that accommodate patients with disabilities Consider patient’s physical environment, socioeconomic status, and social network in assessment Guiding Principles and Values
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45 Quality Healthcare Need age-appropriate screenings, health education, family planning, and end-of life care options Provide accessible resources that promote healthy lifestyles and help patients minimize health risks Guiding Principles and Values
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WHO Disability Overview: World Report on Disability: Rehab 2030: A Call for Action: The Missing Billion: CDC Disability and Health Promotion: 46 Suggested Resources to Improve Disability Competence
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FutureLearn Disability Courses: Healthcare Access for People with Disabilities Training for Healthcare Professionals: Human Development Institute Seminar Series on Disability: Other Disability Trainings: 47 Suggested Resources to Improve Disability Competence
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48 Suggested Documentaries
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https://www.wethe15.org/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHCDvdCaJhI&t=110s 49 #WeThe15 Campaign
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How can we work to promote health equity? 50
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51 Thank You!Cara.Whalen-Smith@osumc.eduhttps://www.linkedin.com/in/cara-whalen-smith/
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References World Health Organization (WHO) & the World Bank. World Report on Disability. Published 2011. Accessed December 23, 2020. http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en. World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Published Geneva: 2001. Accessed December 23, 2020. https://www.who.int/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Disability and Health Overview. Last updated September 16, 2020. Accessed December 23, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/disability.html. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Disability & Health U.S. State Profile Data for Ohio (Adults 18+ years of age). Last updated June 28, 2021. Accessed August 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/impacts/kentucky.html Shapiro J. One man’s COVID-19 death raises the worst fears of many people with disabilities. 2020. Available at https://www.npr.org/2020/07/31/896882268/one-mans-covid-19-death-raises-the-worst-fears-of-many-people-with-disabilities. Accessed March 3/5/2021. 52
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References Kuper H, Myroslava T. Global Health and Disability. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. 2018. Accessed December 23, 2020. https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/global-disability. The National Center on Physical Activity and Disability (NCHPAD). Discover inclusive events. 2020. Accessed December 23, 2020. https://www.nchpad.org/1770/6934/Discover~Inclusive~Events. Bhaumik S, Watson JM, Thorp CF, Tyrer F, McGrother CW. Body mass index in adults with intellectual disability: Distribution, associations and service implications: A population‐based prevalence study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2008;52(4):287-298. Blauwet CA, Iezzoni LI. From the Paralympics to public health: increasing physical activity through legislative and policy initiatives. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2014;6:S4-S10. Burke É, O’Dwyer M, McGlinchey E, Foran S, Phadraig CM, Carroll R, McCallion P, McCarron M. Overview of the important physical health concerns. In Physical Health of Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (pp. 27-52). 2019. Springer, Cham. 53
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References Cooper SA, Smiley E, Morrison J, Williamson A, Allan, L. Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: Prevalence and associated factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2007;190(1):27-35. Havercamp SM, Scandlin D, Roth M. Health disparities among adults with developmental disabilities, adults with other disabilities, and adults not reporting disability in North Carolina. Public Health Reports, 2004;119(4):418-426. Havercamp SM, Scott HM. National health surveillance of adults with disabilities, adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and adults with no disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 2015;8(2):165-172. doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.11.002. Krahn GL, Walker DK, Correa-De-Araujo R. Persons with disabilities as an unrecognized health disparity population. American Journal of Public Health, 2015;105(S2):S198-S206. Kuper H, Heydt P. The Missing Billion: Access to Health Services for 1 Billion People with Disabilities. Published July 2019. Accessed December 23, 2020. https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/media/38726. 54
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References McGrother CW, Bhaumik S, Thorp CF, Hauck A, Branford D, Watson JM. Epilepsy in adults with intellectual disabilities: Prevalence, associations and service implications. Seizure, 2006;15(6):376-386. Okoro CA, Hollis ND, Cyrus AC, Griffin-Blake S. Prevalence of disabilities and health care access by disability status and type among adults — United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2018;67:882–887. Ouellette‐Kuntz, H. Understanding health disparities and inequities faced by individuals with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 2005;18(2):113-121. Reichard A, Stolzle H, Fox MH. Health disparities among adults with physical disabilities or cognitive limitations compared to individuals with no disabilities in the United States. Disability and Health Journal, 2011;4(2):59-67. Rowland M, Peterson-Besse J, Dobbertin K, Walsh E, Horner-Johnson W. Health outcome disparities among subgroups of people with disabilities: a scoping review. Disability and Health Journal, 2014;7:136-150. 55
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References Vanderbom KA, Eisenberg Y, Tubbs AH, Washington T, Martinez AX, Rauworth A. Changing the paradigm in public health and disability through a knowledge translation center. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018;15:328. Blick R, Franklin M, Ellsworth D, Havercamp S, Kornblau B. The double burden: health disparities among people of color living with disabilities. The Ohio Disability and Health Program. Published 2015. Accessed December 23, 2020. https://nisonger.osu.edu/sites/default/files/u4/the_double_burden_health_disparities_among_people_of_color_living_with_disabilities.pdf. Iezzoni LI, Sowmya RR, Ressalam J, Bolcic-Jankovic D, Agaronnik ND, Donelan K, Lagu T, Campbell EG. Physicians’ perceptions of people with disability and their health care. Health Affairs, 2021;40(2): https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01452. Ray C, West J. Social, sexual, and personal implications of paraplegia. Paraplegia, 1984;22:75-86. Cushman LA, Dijkers MP. Depressed mood in spinal cord injured patients: staff perceptions and patient realities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1990;71(3):191-196. 56
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References Gerhart KA et al. Quality of life following spinal cord injury: knowledge and attitudes of emergency care providers. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1994;23(4):807-812. Havercamp SM, Barnhart WR, Robinson AC, Whalen Smith CN. What should we teach about disability? National consensus on disability competencies for health care education. Disabil Health J, 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100989. Alliance for Disability in Health Care Education (The Alliance). Core Competencies on Disability for Health Care Education. Peapack, NJ: Alliance for Disability in Health Care Education. http://www.adhce.org/. Published June 2019. Accessed December 23, 2020. https://nisonger.osu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/post-consensusCore-Competencies-on-Disability_8.5.19.pdf. 57