Download Free Medical Mutations Are Inherited Alterations In The Dna Sequence PowerPoint Presentation

Mutations Are Inherited Alterations In The Dna Sequence PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Mutations Are Inherited Alterations in the DNA Sequence".
This medical PowerPoint presentation discusses how mutations are inherited alterations in the DNA sequence that can occur naturally or be induced by various factors such as exposure to radiation or chemicals. They can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by damage to the DNA molecule. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to the organism, depending on where they occur in the DNA sequence and how they affect gene function. When mutations occur in the germ cells (sperm or egg cells) of an organism, they can be passed on to its offspring, resulting in inherited genetic variations.

Tags : mutations, inherited alterations in the DNA sequence, Genetics, Genetics PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Mar 27, 2023 | Views : 662 | Downloads : 1

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

18.1 Mutations Are Inherited Alterations in the DNA Sequence
Slide 2-

The Importance of Mutations Source of all genetic variation, which further provides the raw material for evolution Source of many diseases and disorders Useful for probing fundamental biological processes
Slide 3-

Categories of Mutations Somatic mutations-occur in “body” of organism. Result in mosaic pattern of cells, but not passed down. Germ-line mutations-occur in cells producing gametes. Mutation is typically passed to half of offspring.
Slide 4-

ppt slide no 4 content not found
Slide 5-

Types of Gene Mutations (based on their molecular nature) Base substitutions Transition-Pu for Pu; Py for Py Transversion-Pu for Py; Py for Pu Insertions and deletions Frameshift mutations-disrupts codon pattern In-frame insertions and deletions-insert or delete number of bases that is divisible by 3.
Slide 6-

ppt slide no 6 content not found
Slide 7-

Concept Check 1 Which of the following changes is a transition base substitution? Adenine is replaced by thymine. Cytosine is replaced by adenine. Guanine is replaced by adenine. Three nucleotide pairs are inserted into DNA.
Slide 8-

Concept Check 1 Which of the following changes is a transition base substitution? Adenine is replaced by thymine. Cytosine is replaced by adenine. Guanine is replaced by adenine. Three nucleotide pairs are inserted into DNA.
Slide 9-

Phenotypic Effects of Mutations Forward mutation: wild type  mutant type Reverse mutation: mutant type  wild type Missense mutation-results in a different amino acid at one position of encoded protein
Slide 10-

Phenotypic Effects of Mutations Silent mutation-different codon but still encodes for same amino acid Neutral mutation-missense mutation that changes amino acid sequence, but does not alter function of protein Nonsense mutation-changes amino acid into stop thus producing truncated protein
Slide 11-

ppt slide no 11 content not found
Slide 12-

Phenotypic Effects of Mutations Loss-of-function mutations-cause complete or partial loss of protein function Gain-of-function mutations-cause either new function or function expressed at new times or location within organism Conditional mutation-altered function only under certain conditions (temperature sensitive)
Slide 13-

Phenotypic Effects of Mutations Lethal mutation-severe enough to cause premature death Suppressor mutation: a mutation that hides or suppresses the effect of another mutation Intragenic-mutation in same gene as original mutation restores function Intergenic-mutation in other gene restores function (sometimes in tRNA genes)
Slide 14-

ppt slide no 14 content not found
Slide 15-

Phenotypic Effects of Mutations Mutation rate-the rate at which a mutations occur. May be determined under normal conditions May be determined under altered conditions May be determined in the presence of harmful chemicals
Slide 16-

ppt slide no 16 content not found
Slide 17-

Spontaneous Replication Errors Caused by mispairing through wobble
Slide 18-

ppt slide no 18 content not found
Slide 19-

Spontaneous Replication Errors Strand slippage
Slide 20-

ppt slide no 20 content not found
Slide 21-

Spontaneous Replication Errors Unequal crossing over
Slide 22-

ppt slide no 22 content not found
Slide 23-

Spontaneous Chemical Changes Depurination: loss of purine Deamination: loss of an amino group
Slide 24-

ppt slide no 24 content not found
Slide 25-

ppt slide no 25 content not found
Slide 26-

Chemically Induced Mutations Mutagen-a compound that induces mutations Base analogs-modified bases that function similar to regular bases in base pairing events
Slide 27-

ppt slide no 27 content not found
Slide 28-

ppt slide no 28 content not found
Slide 29-

ppt slide no 29 content not found
Slide 30-

Chemically Induced Mutations Alkylating agents: donate alkyl group Ehtylmethylsulfonate EMS Mustard gas Deamination: nitrous acid
Slide 31-

Chemically Induced Mutations Hydroxylamine: add hydroxyl group Oxidative reaction: superoxide radicals Hydrogen peroxide Intercalating agents: proflavin, acridine orange, and ethidium bromide
Slide 32-

ppt slide no 32 content not found
Slide 33-

ppt slide no 33 content not found
Slide 34-

Concept Check 2 Base analogs are mutagenic because of which characteristic? They produce changes in DNA polymerase that cause it to malfunction. They distort the structure of DNA. They are similar in structure to the normal bases. They chemically modify the normal bases.
Slide 35-

Concept Check 2 Base analogs are mutagenic because of which characteristic? They produce changes in DNA polymerase that cause it to malfunction. They distort the structure of DNA. They are similar in structure to the normal bases. They chemically modify the normal bases.
Slide 36-

Radiation Pyrimidine dimer: two thymine bases block replication. SOS system in bacteria: SOS system allows bacteria cells to by pass the replication block with a mutation-prone pathway.
Slide 37-

18.3 Mutations Are the Focus of Intense Study by Geneticists
Slide 38-

The Analysis of Reverse Mutations Ames Test
Slide 39-

ppt slide no 39 content not found
Slide 40-

ppt slide no 40 content not found
Slide 41-

18.4 A Number of Pathways Repair Changes in DNA
Slide 42-

ppt slide no 42 content not found
Slide 43-

Mismatch Repair Mismatch-repair enzyme complex Direct repair: photolyase
Slide 44-

ppt slide no 44 content not found
Slide 45-

ppt slide no 45 content not found
Slide 46-

Mismatch Repair Base-excision repair
Slide 47-

ppt slide no 47 content not found
Slide 48-

Mismatch Repair Nucleotide-excision repair
Slide 49-

ppt slide no 49 content not found
Slide 50-

ppt slide no 50 content not found
Slide 51-

ppt slide no 51 content not found
Slide 52-

ppt slide no 52 content not found
Slide 53-

ppt slide no 53 content not found
Slide 54-

ppt slide no 54 content not found
Slide 55-

Mismatch Repair Genetic diseases and faulty DNA repair Xeroderma pigmentosum
Slide 56-

ppt slide no 56 content not found
Slide 57-

Concept Check 3 Mismatch repair in bacteria distinguishes between old and new strands of DNA on the basis of __________. differences in base composition of the two strands modification of histone proteins base analogs on the new strand methyl groups on the old strand
Slide 58-

Concept Check 3 Mismatch repair in bacteria distinguishes between old and new strands of DNA on the basis of __________. differences in base composition of the two strands modification of histone proteins base analogs on the new strand methyl groups on the old strand