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Diagnosis of Fetal Malformation By Ultrasound PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Diagnosis of Fetal Malformation By Ultrasound

Tags : Diagnosis of Fetal, Ultrasound,Pregnancy

Published on : Dec 03, 2021 | Views : 2009 | Downloads : 4

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Slide 1-

(Congenital Anomalies) Diagnosis of Fetal Malformation By Ultrasound
Slide 2-

Many structural abnormalities in the fetus can be reliably diagnosed by an ultrasound scan, and these can usually be made before 20 weeks. With more recent equipment, conditions such as cleft lips/ palate and congenital cardiac abnormalities are more readily diagnosed and at an earlier gestational age.
Slide 3-

List of Basic Fetal Anatomy in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy -HEAD o Lateral cerebral ventricles, Choroid plexus, Midline falx, Cavum septae pellucidi, Cerebellum, Cistern magna; and Upper lip and philtrum. - CHEST o Heart; Four-chamber view, Left ventricular outflow tract, Right ventricular outflow tract and Lung fields. - ABDOMEN o Stomach (presence, size, and situs), Kidneys, Urinary bladder, Umbilical cord insertion into the fetal abdomen, and Umbilical cord vessel number. - SKELETAL o Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral spine. - Extremities o Legs and Arms - PLACENTA - AMNIOTIC FLUID - ADNEXAE
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Any deviation from normal results in congenital malformation, which may be in picture of the following hydrocephalus, anencephaly, myelomeningocoele, achondroplasia and other dwarfism, spina bifida, exomphalos, Gastroschisis, duodenal atresia and fetal hydrops.
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The Head Transverse plane of the fetal head at the level of the lateral ventricles(normal brain tissue) Hydrocephalus .Transverse plane of the fetal head at the level of the lateral ventricles (LV) in a fetus with bilateral ventriculomegaly. Note the enlarged lateral ventricles (LV) and compressed cerebral cortex (C) and choroid plexus (CP)
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Holoprosencephaly Holoprosencephaly in 2 fetuses shown in a transverse plane (A) and coronal plane (B) of the fetal head. A single ventricle is seen (asterisk) with fused thalami (T). Note a hypoplastic cerebellum (Cereb) in A (not typically a feature of holoprosencephaly)
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Encephalocele Transverse planes of the fetal head in 2 fetuses (A and B) with encephaloceles (E). Note the location of the cranial defect (arrows), in the occipital aspect of the cranium, which is the most common location for such defects. Brain tissue can be seen in both encephaloceles (E)
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Normal brain tissue at level of posterior fossa Dandy Walker malformation (asterisk). Note the absence of the cerebellum and enlargement of cisterna magna (CM). Note the presence of a cystic hygroma (CH)
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Spina Bifida fetus with spina bifida showing the posterior fossa changes (Chiari II). Note the obliteration of the cisterna magna (CM) and abnormal shape of the cerebellum (arrows).
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Spina Bifida Longitudinal (Mid-sagittal) planes of the fetal spine in 2 fetuses (A and B) with spina bifida. Note the lumbo-sacral locations of the spinal defects
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Normal Chest Anatomy
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Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome Four-chamber view plane of a fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Note the diminutive size of the left ventricle (LV). Arrow points to the foramen ovale that typically displays reverse flow in this condition.
Slide 13-

Diaphragmatic Hernia Transverse plane of the chest in a fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Note the upward displacement of the stomach (St) into the chest. The heart (labeled) is pushed into the right chest. S = spine, R=right, L=left
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Abdomen
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Duodenal Atresia Transverse plane of the abdomen in a fetus with duodenal atresia. Note the enlarged stomach that crosses the midline (dashed line) and is shaped in a double bubble (asterisks).
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Gastroschisis
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Omphalocele Transverse plane of the fetal abdomen in a fetus with an omphalocele . Note the central location of the defect in the abdomen (arrows). S = spine
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Renal Agenesis Coronal planes of the abdomen in 2D (A) and color Doppler (B) modes in a fetus with bilateral renal agenesis. Note the presence of anhydramnios (arrows) and absence of kidneys (asterisks) in the renal fossa. Note the absence of renal arteries on color Doppler (B)
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Polycystic Kidney Disease Transverse (A) and longitudinal (B and C) views of the kidneys in a fetus with infantile polycystic kidney disease. Note the enlarged size of both kidneys and increase in echogenicity. There is also associated anhydramnios (not shown).
Slide 20-

Posterior Urethral Valve Transverse planes of the lower (A) and upper (B) pelvis in a fetus with posterior urethral valves. Note the distended bladder (B), dilated ureters, seen on cross section in A (U) and the characteristic keyhole appearance of the proximal urethra, seen in A (asterisk)
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Normal Skeleton Mid-sagittal planes of the fetal pelvis (P)(Figure A), abdomen (Ab)(Figure B), chest (Ch) and neck (N)(Figure C) showing longitudinal views of the spine. The intact overlying skin can be seen in planes A and B (arrows).
Slide 22-

Transverse view of the fetal head at the level of the lateral ventricular plane in a fetus with spinal neural tube defect. Note the ”lemon-shaped” cranium (arrows), a feature (Arnold Chiari) associated with open neural tube defect
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Extremities
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Longitudinal view of the femur in 2D mode (A), and the upper extremity in 3D ultrasound (B) of a fetus with lethal skeletal dysplasia. Note the severe shortening and bowing of the long bones
Slide 25-

Club foot(skeletal anomaly) can assist in diagnosis of pooter’s syndrome
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Any Question