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Diagnosis and Management of ADHD PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Pediatrics, which is titled "Diagnosis and Management of ADHD", to know how ADHD can be diagnosed and Managed.

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Published on : Aug 03, 2021 | Views : 3376 | Downloads : 6

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Slide 1-

Diagnosis and Management of ADHD
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ADHD Hill, P. Child & Adolescent Mental Health in Primary Care 2003; 1(1):2-4 “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a pattern of behaviour which is the most recent in a series of American attempts to characterise inattentive restlessness as a condition. It is effectively a syndrome encompassing hyperactivity, poor concentration and marked impulsive, impatient, excitable behaviour. Most, but not all, instances are predominantly genetic in origin, with various inherited deficiencies of the dopamine neurotransmitter system.”
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Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity Symptoms of ADHD
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ADHD: Prevalence and Demographics Overall prevalence 3% to 10% in school-aged children Diagnosed in boys 3 to 4 times more often thanin girls Persists in 30% to 50% of patients into adolescence and adulthood (symptom profile may change)
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Neurochemical Pathophysiology of ADHD Receptors Synapse Transporter Noradrenaline Dopamine
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Impact of ADHD on Patientsand Family Patients Poor academic achievement Social impairment Low occupational status Increased risk of substance abuse Increased risk of injury Family Increased stress levels Increased depression Increased marital discord Changed work status
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Impact of ADHD onSchool Performance Poor classroom behaviour Poor academic achievement Special education requirements (tutoring and special educational programmes) School exclusion (either suspension or expulsion) Repetition of grades Failure to gain external qualifications
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Effects of ADHD on Behavioural Development Problems with productivity and motivation Reduced ability to express ideas and emotions Decreased working memory Problems with social interaction Impairments in speech Problems with verbal reasoning
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Developmental Impact of ADHD Pre-school Adolescent Adult School-age College-age Behavioural disturbance Behavioural disturbance Academic problems Difficulty with social interactions Self-esteem issues Academic problems Difficulty with social interactions Self-esteem issues Legal issues, smoking and injury Academic failure Occupational difficulties Self-esteem issues Substance abuse Injury/accidents Occupational failure Self-esteem issues Relationship problems Injury/accidents Substance abuse
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Defining Comorbidity ADHD is highly comorbid Comorbidity is defined as two different diagnoses present in an individual patient It is important to recognise comorbid disorders Comorbidities may require treatment independent from and different to therapy for ADHD
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Co-occurring Disorders in Children (n = 579) ADHD alone 31% Anxiety Disorder 34% Mood Disorders 4% MTA Cooperative Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:1088–1096 Oppositional Defiant Disorder 40% Tics 11% Conduct Disorder 14%
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Common Associated Comorbidities (%) Milberger et al. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1793–1799 Biederman et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 21–29 Castellanos. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 337–338 Goldman et al. JAMA 1998; 279: 1100–1107 Szatmari et al. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989; 30: 219–230 60 40 20 0 Oppositional defiant disorder Anxiety disorder Learning disorder Mood disorder Conduct disorder Smoking Substance use disorder Tics
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Input Needed to Make a Diagnosis Diagnosis Teacher Child Parent
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Impulsivity Talks excessively † Blurts out answers Cannot await turn Interrupts others Intrudes on others DSM-IV – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) ICD-10 – International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (World Health Organisation, 1993) Hyperactivity Fidgets Leaves seat in class Runs/climbs excessively Cannot play/work quietly Always ‘on the go’ Talks excessively * Inattention Does not attend Fails to finish tasks Can’t organise Avoids sustained effort Loses things, ‘forgetful’ Easily distracted * ‘Talks excessively’ is one of the DSM-IV criteria for hyperactivity but not one of the ICD-10 criteria † ‘Talks excessively’ is one of the ICD-10 criteria for impulsiveness but not one of the DSM-IV criteria Symptom Groups
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DSM-IV ADHD Diagnostic Criteria List of symptoms must be present for past 6 months Must have six (or more) symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity Some symptoms present before 7 years of age Some impairment from symptoms must be present in two or more settings (e.g. school and home) Significant impairment: social, academic or occupational Exclude other mental disorders
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DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD Predominantly inattentive Predominantly hyperactive–impulsive Mixed/combined In partial remission Not otherwise specified (NOS)
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ICD-10 HKD Diagnostic Criteria Used to diagnose hyperkinetic disorder (HKD), a more severe form of ADHD List of symptoms must be present for at least six months Must have: at least six symptoms of inattention AND at least three symptoms of hyperactivity AND at least one symptom of impulsivity Onset of symptoms no later than 7 years of age Impairment of symptoms must be present in two or more settings (e.g. school and home) Significant impairment: social, academic or occupational
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Important Rating Tools for ADHD Conners Parent Rating Scale – assesses and monitors response to treatment IOWA Conners – measures dimensions of behaviour associated with ADHD SKAMP Measures – measures the classroom manifestation of ADHD SNAP-IV Scale – derived from descriptions in DSM-IV Continuous Performance Test (CPT) – measures the attention span in children with ADHD C-DISC – computer-assisted diagnostic interview schedule for children
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Therapy Options as Part of a Total Treatment Programme Behavioural treatment Medication management Combining medication/behavioural treatment Educating parents/patient about ADHD Educational support services
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Cunningham, Barkley. Child Dev 1979; 50: 217–224 Tools Used in Behavioural Treatment Specific strategies Reward system Time out Social reinforcement Behaviour modelling Support for parents Family and patient education Group problem-solving Sports skills Social skills training
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Behavioural Treatment in the Home Identify problem situations and the precipitating factors Enhance positive parent–child interactions Limit negative parent–child interactions Use cost systems to reduce problem behaviours Use time outs as punishment for serious problem behaviours
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Atkins, Pelham. 1992:69–88; Barkley, Cunningham. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36: 201–208 Behavioural Treatment in the Classroom Behavioural treatment in school setting similar to the approach used in home with parents Goal: Reduce inattention and disruptive behaviour Specific school accommodations: Ensure structure and predictable routines Employ cost–response token economy systems Use daily report cards Teach organisational and work/study skills
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Effectiveness of Behavioural Therapy Parent training is generally regarded as the most effective behavioural therapy Parent training combined with medication management increases parent acceptability of medication School-based treatment is more effective than individual strategies, however benefits are only seen during treatment programmes Individual treatment approaches have not been shown to be effective
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Stimulants Methylphenidate (Recommended Amphetamine compounds first-line therapy) Dextroamphetamine Pemoline Antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants Bupropion Antihypertensives Clonidine Guanfacine Wilens T, et al. ADHD, In Annual Review of Medicine, 2002: 53 Greenhill L. Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: pharmacological treatments. In: Nathan PE, Gorman J, eds. Treatments that Work. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1998:42-64 Pharmacological Agents Usedin Treatment of ADHD* * Not all agents are available in some countries
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ADHD Pharmacotherapy – Responsiveness 0 100 80 60 40 20 % Responders Methylphenidate Amphetamine Pemoline Tricyclic antidepressants Bupropion MAOI Clonidine/ Guanfacine Wilens TE, Spencer TJ. Presented at Massachusetts General Hospital’s Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Meeting, March 10-12, 2000, Boston, MA