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Definition of Biological Tissue PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : it is about the extracellular matrix and the different tissues in the human body

Tags : biomechanics,biological tissue,tissue,types of tissue,organ,Connective Tissue

Published on : May 09, 2023 | Views : 1474 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

Four basic types of tissue: Muscle Nerve Epithelia Connective An organ is a structure made up of 2 or more tissues Definition of Biological Tissue
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From an engineering design perspective, what are the purposes of each type of tissue?
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Connective Tissue Muscle Epithelium Epithelium Connective Tisue (Both images) University of Michigan Histology Collection
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Example: Connective Tissue
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Architectural framework of the body Form framework and support for organs and body as a whole Bind structures together and provides mechanical support for other tissue (metabolic, defense, transport, storage) Store fat Transport substances Protect against disease Help repair tissue damage Wound healing Characterized by abundance of intercellular matrix with few cells Variable blood supply Connective
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Numerous cells types Fibroblast Connective tissue cell that makes and secretes collagen proteins Macrophage Phagocytic tissue cell that can be fixed or freely motile Derived from monocyte Protects body against infection and noxious substance Type of white blood cell Mast Type of white blood cell Involved in allergic response Connective
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Types of connective tissue: Loose Adipose Dense fibrous Elastic connective tissue Cartilage Bone (Osseous) Blood Connective
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Fibroblasts are the most common cells in connective tissue Synthesize and secrete components of the ECM: fibers and ground substance. Active and quiescent stages (when quiescent sometimes called fibrocytes or mature fibroblasts). Synthesize growth factors. Rarely undergo cell division unless tissue is injured, which activates the quiescent cells. Play a major role in the process of wound healing and respond to an injury by proliferating and enhanced fiber formation.
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Monocytes escape from blood vessels into connective tissue where they differentiate into Macrophages Primary function: phagocytosis and antigen presentation University of Michigan Histology Collection
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Example: Muscle
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Composed of cells with special ability to shorten or contract To produce movement of body parts Highly cellular and well supplied with blood vessels Muscle fibers (cells) are long and slender Usually arranged into bundles of layers surrounded by connective tissue Muscle Tissue
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Actin and myosin contractile proteins in muscle tissue Can be categorized into skeletal, smooth, or cardiac Skeletal Striated and under voluntary control Multinucleated Smooth Single, central nucleus Lack striations Involuntary Cardiac One nucleus per cell Striations and intercalated disks Involuntary Muscle Tissue
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Example: Nervous
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Coordinates and controls bodily activities Stimulates muscle contraction Creates awareness of environment Plays major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning Cells in nervous tissue must be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses Neurons – cells that generate and conduct impulses Nerve Tissue
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Example: Epithelial
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Form covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, major tissue in glands Protect, secrete, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception Epithelial cells are tightly packed together with very little intercellular matrix Many different types E.g., Simple columnar lines stomach and intestines Absorption and has microvilli or cilia E.g., Stratified squamous – outer layer of skin Protects against microorganisms and water loss Epithelial
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Overview 2: Extracellular Matrix Kristin S. Miller1
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A large network of proteins and other molecules Surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues Extremely large proteins and polysaccharides secreted by some cells in multicellular organisms Acts as connective material to hold cells in defined space Image from Cell and Molecular Biology 13.1 Intro to ECM 12/30/2022 E V Wong, Axolotl Publishing Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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1) Provides structural support and physical environment for cells residing in that tissue to attach, grow, migrate, and respond to signals 2) Endows tissue with its structural and mechanical properties E.g., rigidity, elasticity 3) Provide bioactive cues for residing cells 4) Reservoir of growth factors and potentiate their bioactivities 5) Degradable physical environment to allow neovascularization and remodeling Response to developmental, physiological, and pathological challenges during tissue dynamics such as morphogenesis, homeostasis, and wound healing Functions of ECM
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Composition varies greatly depending on tissue type E.g., Basement membrane underlying epidermis of skin Thin, almost 2-D layer to help organize cells into barrier to insults E.g., Massive 3-D matrix surrounding each chondrocyte in cartilage Must withstand repeated shock during walking etc Rousselle et al., 2019 ; Poole et all, and Vonwil et al., 2010 ECM
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Varying amounts of protein and/or polysaccharides (sugars): Proteins – (mainly fibrous & elastic), contain little or no sugars Glycoproteins – mostly protein with sugar side chains Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) – saccharide polymers, little or no protein Proteoglycans – mostly sugars with a protein core (often protein core decorated with GAGs) Four main types molecules in ECM
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Proteins
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Collagen Most abundant protein in human body (up to 30% dry weight) Multiple types: fibril-forming or fibril-associated (in skin, tendon, cartilage, bone, dentin, blood vessels); cross-linked networks (in all basement membranes) Proteins University of Michigan Histology Collection
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Assembly of collagen Junquiera and Carneiro. Basic Histology. Tenth Edition. 2003. Figure 5-19.
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Thin fibers or fenestrated sheets composed of various glycoproteins, including the protein elastin Provides resilience and recoil to tissues that experience repeated deformation Skin, blood vessels, lung, bladder Elastic Fibers Alberts et. al. Molecular Biology of the Cell.
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Linear (unbranched) polysaccharides, e.g. heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid Very hydrophilic due to abundant negative charges (e.g. SO4- groups). Except for hyaluronic acid, are usually bound covalently to protein core as part of a proteoglycan JCGGDB; New England Biolabs Ground Substance of the ECM
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Crucial role in cell signaling Regulation of cell growth, proliferation Promote cell adhesion Wound repair JCGGDB; New England Biolabs Ground Substance of the ECM
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2. Proteoglycans Core protein + GAG side chains (like a bottle brush) Regulate many cell processes Bind cells, other proteins, and/or ECM components Cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, death Buzzle.com Ground Substance of the ECM
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3. Glycoproteins Small glycosylated proteins containing NUMEROUS binding sites to cells, signaling molecules, and other ECM components Proteins and carbohydrate chains Involved in many functions including immunity Ex1. Viruses have glycoproteins that help them enter cells Can also serve as therapeutic or preventative targets Ex2. fibronectin and laminin Important for adhesion of epithelial cells Khan Academy – science college AP bio Ground Substance of the ECM