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Classification of Mental Disorders PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Classification of Mental Disorders". Know how mental disorders can be broadly classified into several categories based on the symptoms and characteristics they present.

Tags : Classification of Mental Disorders, psychiatric disorders, mental illnesses, Neurodevelopmental disorders, Schizophrenia spectrum, psychotic disorders, Bipolar disorders, Depressive disorders, Anxiety disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorders, Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, Dissociative disorders

Published on : Mar 15, 2023 | Views : 1640 | Downloads : 1

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1 Co-occurring Alcohol and Other Drug and Mental Health Conditions in Alcohol and other Drug Treatment Settings Session 2: Classificationof Mental Disorders
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2 Comorbidity Guidelines Refer to: Chapter 5
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3 Classification - Key Points Disorders represent particular combinations of signs and symptoms grouped together to form criteria as per DSM-IV-TR Certain number of criteria need to be met within a certain time frame for a person to be diagnosed as having a disorder Not all AOD workers are able to formally diagnose the presence or absence of mental health disorders
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4 Classification – Key Points (2) Diagnoses of mental health disorders should only be made by suitably qualified and trained health professionals Useful for all AOD workers to be aware of characteristics of disorders so are able to describe and elicit mental health symptoms when undertaking screening and assessment, and to inform treatment planning
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5 Symptoms without Diagnosis Classified as mental health disorder must meet diagnostic criteria However, large number in AOD services who display symptoms but do not meet criteria (Eg: anxiety but without an anxiety disorder) Can still impact significantly on functioning and treatment outcomes
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6 Categories of MH Disorders in Comorbidity Guidelines Mood disorders Anxiety disorders Personality disorders Psychotic disorders Substance-induced disorders
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7 Mood Disorders Major depressive episodes Manic episodes Mixed episodes Hypomanic episodes. Manic episode Hypomanic episode Normal mood Depressed mood Elevated mood Major depressive episode
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8 Major Depressive Episode Some of following symptoms experienced nearly every day for at least 2 weeks: Depressed mood or loss of interest or enjoyment in activities Reduced interest or pleasure in almost all activities Change in weight or appetite Difficulty concentrating or sleeping (i.e., sleeping too much or too little)
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9 Major Depressive Episode (2) Restlessness and agitation Slowing down of activity Fatigue or reduced energy levels Feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, attempts or plans
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10 Manic Episode Person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least 1 week characterised by: Inflated self-esteem Decreased need for sleep Increased talkativeness or racing thoughts Distractibility Agitation or increase in goal directed activity (e.g., at work or socially) Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for negative consequences.
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11 Hypomanic and Mixed Episodes Hypomanic same as manic episode but is less severe May only last 4 days and does not require the episode to be severe enough to cause impairment in social or occupational functioning In mixed episode, person experiences both a manic episode and major depressive episode for at least 1 week
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12 Anxiety Disorders Many people feel anxious because they have reason to eg: trouble with law, homelessness Many in AOD treatment will experience anxiety as consequence of intoxication, withdrawal, or living without using AOD Usually reduces over time with period of abstinence Problematic when persistent, or so frequent and intense that prevents person from living his/her life in the way that he/she would like
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13 Panic Attack Sweating Shaking Shortness of breath Feeling of choking Light headedness Heart palpitations, chest pain or tightness Numbness or tingling sensations Chills or hot flushes Nausea and/or vomiting Fear of losing control, going crazy or dying Feelings of unreality or being detached from oneself
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14 Types of Anxiety Disorders Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Panic disorder Agoraphobia Social phobia Specific phobia Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Acute stress disorder.
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15 PTSD Can develop after traumatic event May experience some of following: Intrusions: re-experiencing event as nightmares, or “flashbacks” Avoidance: avoiding thoughts, feelings, people, places or activities that remind him/her of the event, Hyperarousal: increased startle response, irritability or anger, difficulty sleeping and concentrating
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16 Personality Disorders Enduring destructive patterns of thinking, feeling, behaving, and relating to other people across wide range of social and personal situations Maladaptive traits are stable and long lasting Tend to develop in adolescence or early adulthood and are generally lifelong Most common in AOD context ASPD and BPD
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17 AOD and Personality Disorders AOD use disorders may cause fluctuating symptoms that mimic symptoms of personality disorders Eg: impulsivity, aggressiveness, self-destructiveness, relationship problems, work dysfunction, engaging in illegal activity, dysregulated emotions and behaviour Can be difficult to determine whether a person has a personality disorder
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18 Antisocial Personality Disorder Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviour Disregard for the wishes, rights and feelings of others Deceptive and manipulative in order to gain personal profit or pleasure; may repeatedly lie or con others Reckless disregard for own or other’s safety
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19 Antisocial Personality Disorder (2) Impulsive behaviour; decisions made on spur of the moment, without forethought, and without consideration of the consequences for self or others May lead to sudden change of jobs, residences or relationships Irritability and aggression; repeated involvement in physical fights or assaults Consistent and extreme irresponsibility
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20 Borderline Personality Disorder Persistent patterns of instability in relationships, mood, and self-image Marked impulsivity, particularly in relation to behaviours that are self-damaging Extreme efforts to avoid rejection or abandonment Pattern of unstable and intense relationships Unstable self-image or sense of self
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21 Borderline Personality Disorder (2) Impulsivity Recurrent suicidal behaviour, threats or self-mutilating behaviour Unstable mood Chronic feelings of emptiness Inappropriate, intense anger Stress-related paranoid thoughts or severe dissociative symptoms
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22 Psychotic Disorders Loss of touch with reality Feelings, thoughts and perceptions severely altered Delusions and Hallucinations May be due to intoxication or withdrawal from substances If the person experiences psychotic episodes when not intoxicated or withdrawing, possible they may have one of the disorders described
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23 Delusions Fixed, false beliefs not consistent with cultural context Involve a misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences Eg: feel that someone is out to get them, they have special powers, or passages from newspaper have special meaning for them
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24 Hallucinations Disturbance of sensory perceptions Auditory (hearing voices or sounds) Visual (seeing things not present) Olfactory (smelling things not present) Tactile (feeling or sensing something) Gustatory (taste)
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25 Other Symptoms of Psychosis Disorganised speech Grossly disorganised behaviour Catatonic behaviour (eg decreased reactivity) Affect flattening (reduced range of emotional expressiveness) Alogia (restricted thought and speech) Avolition (reduced involvement with activities)
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26 Schizophrenia Most common and disabling of psychotic disorders Affects ability to think, feel and act To be diagnosed symptoms must have been continuing for a period of at least 6 months Symptoms are grouped within 2 types: Positive symptoms Negative symptoms
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27 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia (Not as in pleasurable!) Presence of excess or distortion of normal functioning and include hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech, grossly disorganised behaviour and catatonia
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28 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Absence of normal functioning including affective flattening, avolition, alogia Can cause significant impairment in a person’s functioning Classification of “types” of schizophrenia depending upon the predominance of symptoms displayed (paranoid, disorganised, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual type)
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29 Other Psychotic Disorders Schizophreniform disorder: equivalent to schizophrenia except its duration limited to less than 6 months Schizoaffective disorder: symptoms of schizophrenia alongside major depressive, manic or mixed episode 2 types: i) bipolar type (if manic or mixed); ii) depressive type (if major depressive)
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30 Substance-Induced Disorders Occur as direct consequence of AOD intoxication or withdrawal Diagnosis requires symptoms only present following intoxication or withdrawal If symptoms in absence of intoxication or withdrawal, possible they have independent mental health disorder Symptoms tend to reduce over time with period of abstinence
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31 Examples of Substance Induced Disorders Alcohol use/withdrawal - symptoms of depression or anxiety Manic symptoms induced by intoxication with stimulants, steroids, hallucinogens Psychotic symptoms induced by withdrawal from alcohol, intoxication with amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, LSD or PCP Other disorders - substance-induced delirium, amnestic disorder, dementia, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder
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32 Substance-Induced Psychosis Difficult to distinguish substance-induced psychosis from other psychotic disorders Substance-induced psychosis - symptoms appear quickly and last relatively short time, from hours to days until the effects of drug wear off Psychosis can persist for days, weeks, months or longer Possible individuals already at risk for developing psychotic disorder triggered by substance use
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33 Substance-Induced Psychosis (2) Visual hallucinations more common in substance withdrawal and intoxication Stimulant intoxication more commonly associated with tactile hallucinations, person experiences physical sensation interpret as having bugs under skin ("ice bugs" or "cocaine bugs“) Tactile hallucinations can occur in alcohol withdrawal; auditory and visual hallucinations are more common
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34 Substance-Induced Psychosis (3) Stimulant psychosis sometimes more agitated, energetic, more difficult to calm with sedating or psychiatric medication compared to non-drug induced psychosis Difference with schizophrenia - lack of negative and cognitive symptoms with return to normal inter-episode functioning during periods of abstinence
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35 Delirium Disturbance of consciousness and cognition that represents significant change from previous level of functioning Reduced awareness of surroundings, difficulty concentrating, may be difficult to engage him/her in conversation Changes in cognition include short-term memory impairment, disorientation (in regards to time or place), language disturbance (eg difficulty finding words, naming objects, writing)
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36 In sum… Not all clients with symptoms of mental illness will meet diagnostic criteria Diagnostic labels can be very useful but should not be limiting! Diagnosis needs to be undertaken by trained professionals however important to be aware of symptoms and to be able to communicate with other professionals, clients and families/carers