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Cerebrovascular Accident PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Cerebrovascular Accident”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), commonly known as a stroke. Cerebrovascular Accident is a medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, leading to brain damage or death of brain cells. The disruption in blood supply may occur due to a blockage in a blood vessel or the rupture of a blood vessel.

The symptoms of a stroke may vary depending on the part of the brain that is affected. Common symptoms include sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg (usually on one side of the body), confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, trouble seeing in one or both eyes, difficulty walking, loss of balance or coordination, and severe headache.

Prompt treatment is essential for a stroke, as the longer the brain goes without blood supply, the greater the damage. Treatment for a stroke may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove a blood clot or repair a ruptured blood vessel, or rehabilitation therapy to help the person recover from the stroke and regain lost functions.

Preventive measures for strokes include maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, not smoking, controlling high blood pressure, and managing other health conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

Tags : Cerebrovascular Accident, stroke, blood vessel, Neurology, Neurology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 2609 | Downloads : 9

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Cerebrovascular AccidentCVA
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Cerebrovascular Accident Results from ischemia to a part of the brain or hemorrhage into the brain that results in death of brain cells. Approximately 750,000 in USA annually Third most common cause of death #1 leading cause of disability 25% with initial stroke die within 1 year 50-75% will be functionally independent 25% will live with permanent disability Physical, cognitive, emotional, & financial impact
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Cerebrovascular AccidentRisk Factors Nonmodifiable: Age – Occurrence doubles each decade >55 years Gender – Equal for men & women; women die more frequently than men Race – African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian Americans -- higher incidence Heredity – family history, prior transient ischemic attack, or prior stroke increases risk
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Cerebrovascular AccidentRisk Factors Controllable Risks with Medical Treatment & Lifestyle Changes: High blood pressure DiabetesCigarette smoking TIA (Aspirin)High blood cholesterol ObesityHeart Disease Atrial fibrillation Oral contraceptive use Physical inactivity Sickle cell disease Asymptomatic carotid stenosisHypercoagulability
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CVA – Risk Factors
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Cerebrovascular AccidentAnatomy of Cerebral Circulation Blood Supply Anterior: Carotid Arteries – middle & anterior cerebral arteries frontal, parietal, temporal lobes; basal ganglion; part of the diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus) Posterior: Vertebral Arteries – basilar artery Mid and lower temporary & occipital lobes, cerebellum, brainstem, & part of the diencephalon Circle of Willis – connects the anterior & posterior cerebral circulation
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Cerebrovascular AccidentAnatomy of Cerebral Circulation Blood Supply 20% of cardiac output—750-1000ml/min >30 second interruption– neurologic metabolism is altered; metabolism stops in 2 minutes; brain cell death < 5 mins.
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Cerebrovascular AccidentPathophysiology Atherosclerosis: major cause of CVA Thrombus formation & emboli development Abnormal filtration of lipids in the intimal layer of the arterial wall Plaque develops & locations of increased turbulence of blood - bifurcations Increased turbulence of blood or a tortuous area Calcified plaques rupture or fissure Platelets & fibrin adhere to the plaque Narrowing or blockage of an artery by thrombus or emboli Cerebral Infarction: blocked artery with blood supply cut off beyond the blockage
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Cerebrovascular AccidentPathophysiology Ischemic Cascade Series of metabolic events Inadequate ATP adenosine triphosphate production Loss of ion homeostasis Release of excitatory amino acids – glutamate Free radical formation Cell death Border Zone: reversible area that surrounds the core ischemic area in which there is reduced blood flow but which can be restored (3 hours +/-)
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CVA? - Call 911 Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body. Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes. Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
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Cerebrovascular AccidentTransient Ischemic Attack Temporary focal loss of neurologic function Caused by ischemia of one of the vascular territories of the brain Microemboli with temporary blockage of blood flow Lasts less than 24 hrs – often less than 15 mins Most resolve within 3 hours Warning sign of progressive cerebrovascular disease
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Cerebrovascular Accident Transient Ischemic Attack Diagnosis: CT without contrast Confirm that TIA is not related to brain lesions Cardiac Evaluation Rule out cardiac mural thrombi Treatment: Medications that prevent platelet aggregation ASA, Plavix Oral anticoagulants
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClassifications Based on underlying pathophysiologic findings
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClassifications Ischemic Stroke Thrombotic Embolic Hemorrhagic Stroke Intracerebral Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Aneurysm Berry or Saccular
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClassifications Ischemic Stroke—inadequate blood flow to the brain from partial or complete occlusions of an artery--85% of all strokes Extent of a stroke depends on: Rapidity of onset Size of the lesion Presence of collateral circulation Symptoms may progress in the first 72 hours as infarction & cerebral edema increase Types of Ischemic Stroke: Thrombotic Stroke Embolic Stroke
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CVA Recognition
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Cerebrovascular AccidentIschemic – Thrombotic Stroke Lumen of the blood vessels narrow – then becomes occluded – infarction Associated with HTN and Diabetes Mellitus >60% of strokes 50% are preceded by TIA Lacunar Stroke: development of cavity in place of infarcted brain tissue – results in considerable deficits – motor hemiplegia, contralateral loss of sensation or motor ability
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Cerebrovascular AccidentThrombotic Stroke
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Cerebrovascular AccidentCommon Sites of Atherosclerosis
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Cerebrovascular AccidentIschemic – Embolic Stroke Embolus lodges in and occludes a cerebral artery Results in infarction & cerebral edema of the area supplied by the vessel Second most common cause of stroke – 24% Emboli originate in endocardial layer of the heart – atrial fibrillation, MI, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, valvular prostheses Rapid occurrence with severe symptoms – body does not have time to develop collateral circulation Any age group Recurrence common if underlying cause not treated
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Cerebrovascular AccidentEmbolic Stroke
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Cerebrovascular AccidentGoals for Management Immediate – assess & stabilize ABCs, VS Neurologic screening Oxygen if hypoxic IV access Check glucose Activate stroke team – CODE GREEN 12-lead EKG Immediate Neuro Assessment Establish symptom onset Review hx Stroke Scale Facial droop; arm drift; abnormal speech
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Cerebrovascular AccidentGoals for Management CT Scan – No hemorrhage: Consider Fibrinolytic therapy Check for exclusions tPA No anticoagulants or antiplatelet therapy for 24 hours If not a candidate: Antiplatelet Therapy CT Scan – Hemorrhage: Neurosurgery? If no surgery: Stroke Unit Monitor BP and treat Hypertension Monitor Neuro status Monitor blood glucose and treat as needed Supportive therapy
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Cerebrovascular AccidentGoals for Management Immediate – assess & stabilize ABCs, VS Neurologic screening Oxygen if hypoxic IV access Check glucose Active stroke team Emergent CT scan of brain 12-lead EKG Immediate Neuro Assessment Establish symptom onset Review hx Stroke Scale Facial droop; arm drift; abnormal speech
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Cerebrovascular AccidentHemorrhagic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke 15% of all strokes Result from bleeding into the brain tissue itself Intracerebral Subarachnoid
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Cerebrovascular AccidentHemorrhage Stroke Intracerebral Hemorrhage Rupture of a vessel Hypertension – most important cause Others: vascular malformations, coagulation disorders, anticoagulation, trauma, brain tumor, ruptured aneurysms Sudden onset of symptoms with progression Neurological deficits, headache, nausea, vomiting, decreased LOC, and hypertension Prognosis: poor – 50% die within weeks 20% functionally independent at 6 months
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Cerebrovascular AccidentHemorrhage Stroke Intracerebral Hemorrhage
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Cerebrovascular AccidentHemorrhagic-Subarachnoid Hemorrhagic Stroke–Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Intracranial bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes on the surface of the brain
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Cerebrovascular Accident Hemorrhagic-Subarachnoid Commonly caused by rupture of cerebral aneurysm (congenital or acquired) Saccular or berry – few to 20-30 mm in size Majority occur in the Circle of Willis Other causes: Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), trauma, illicit drug abuse Incidence: 6-16/100,000 Increases with age and more common in women
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Cerebrovascular Accident Hemorrhagic-SubarachnoidCerebral Aneurysm Warning Symptoms: sudden onset of a severe headache – “worst headache of one’s life” Change of LOC, Neurological deficits, nausea, vomiting, seizures, stiff neck Despite improvements in surgical techniques, many patients die or left with significant cognitive difficulties
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Hemorrhagic-Subarachnoid Cerebral Aneurysm Surgical Treatment: Clipping the aneurysm – prevents rebleed Coiling – platinum coil inserted into the lumen of the aneurysm to occlude the sac Postop: Vasospasm prevention – Calcium Channel Blockers
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Hemorrhagic-Subarachnoid Cerebral Aneurysm – Surgical Tx
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Hemorrhagic-Subarachnoid Cerebral Aneurysm – Coiling
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClassification
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical ManifestationsMiddle Cerebral Artery Involvement Contralateral weakness Hemiparesis; hemiplegia Contralateral hemianesthesia Loss of proprioception, fine touch and localization Dominant hemisphere: aphasia Nondominant hemisphere – neglect of opposite side; anosognosia – unaware or denial of neuro deficit Homonymous hemianopsia – defective vision or blindness right or left halves of visual fields of both eyes
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical ManifestationsAnterior Cerebral Artery Involvement Brain stem occlusion Contralateral weakness of proximal upper extremity sensory & motor deficits of lower extremities Urinary incontinence Sensory loss (discrimination, proprioception) Contralateral grasp & sucking reflexes may be present Apraxia – loss of ability to carry out familiar purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor impairment Personality change: flat affect, loss of spontaneity, loss of interest in surroundings Cognitive impairment
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical ManifestationsPosterior Cerebral Artery & Vertebrobasilar Involvement Alert to comatose Unilateral or bilateral sensory loss Contralateral or bilateral weakness Dysarthria – impaired speech articulation Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing Hoarseness Ataxia, Vertigo Unilateral hearing loss Visual disturbances (blindness, homonymous hemianopsia, nystagmus, diplopia)
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical Manifestations Motor Function Impairment Caused by destruction of motor neurons in the pyramidal pathway (brain to spinal cord) Mobility Respiratory function Swallowing and speech Gag reflex Self-care activities
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical ManifestationsRight Brain – Left Brain Damage
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical Manifestations Affect Difficulty controlling emotions Exaggerated or unpredictable emotional response Depression / feelings regarding changed body image and loss of function
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical Manifestations Intellectual Function Memory and judgment Left-brain stroke: cautious in making judgments Right-brain stroke: impulsive & moves quickly to decisions Difficulties in learning new skills
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical Manifestations Communication Left hemisphere dominant for language skills in the right-handed person & most left-handed persons -- Aphasia/Dysphasia Involvement Expression & Comprehension Receptive Aphasia (Wernicke’s area): sounds of speech nor its meaning can be understood – spoken & written Expressive Aphasia (Broca’s area): difficulty in speaking and writing Dysarthria: Affects the mechanics of speech due to muscle control disturbances – pronunciation, articulation, and phonation
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical Manifestations Spatial-Perceptual Alterations – 4 categories: 1. Incorrect perception of self & illness 2. Erroneous perception of self in space – may neglect all input from the affected side (worsened by homonymous hemianopsia) 3. Agnosia: Inability to recognize an object by sight, touch or hearing 4. Apraxia: Inability to carry out learned sequential movements on command
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Homonymous Hemianopsia
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Cerebrovascular AccidentClinical Manifestations Elimination Most problems occur initially and are temporary One hemisphere stroke: prognosis is excellent for normal bladder function Bowel elimination: motor control not a problem – constipation associated with immobility, weak abdominal muscles, dehydration, diminished response to the defecation reflex
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Cerebrovascular AccidentTreatment Goals Prevention – Health Maintenance Focus: Healthy diet Weight control Regular exercise No smoking Limit alcohol consumption Route health assessment Control of risk factors
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Cerebrovascular AccidentTreatment Goals Prevention Drug Therapy Surgical Therapy Rehabilitation
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Cerebrovascular AccidentDiagnostic Studies Done to confirm CVA and identify cause PE: Neuro Assessment; Carotid bruit Carotid doppler studies (ultrasound study) CT – primary – identifies size, location, differentiates between ischemic and hemorrhagic CTA – CT Angiography – visualizes vasculature MRI – greater specificity than CT May not be able to be used on all patients (metal, claustrophobia) Angiography: gold standard for imaging carotid arteries
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Cerebrovascular AccidentTreatment Goals Drug Therapy – Thrombotic CVA – to reestablish blood flow through a blocked artery Thrombolytic Drugs: tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) produce localized fibrinolysis by binding to the fibrin in the thrombi Plasminogen is converted to plasmin (fibrinolysin) Enzymatic action digests fibrin & fibrinogen Results is clot lysis Administered within 3 hours of symptoms of ischemic CVA Confirmed DX with CT Patient anticoagulated ASA, Calcium Channel Blockers
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CVA - Treatment Goals Surgical Treatment Carotid endarterectomy – preventive – > 100,000/year removal of atheromatous lesions Clipping, wrapping, coiling Aneurysm Evacuation of aneurysm-induced hematomas larger than 3 cm. Treatment of AV Malformations
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Carotid Artery Disease
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Carotid Artery Disease Carotid artery disease is the leading cause of strokes. More than 50% of stroke victims present no warning signs. After age 55, the risk of stroke doubles every 10 years. 97% of the adult population cannot name a single warning sign of a stroke. 50% of nursing home admissions are stroke victims
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Carotid Artery Stents
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Carotid Endarterectomy
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Cerebrovascular AccidentTreatment Goals Drug Therapy Measures to prevent the development of a thrombus or embolus for “At Risk” patients: Antiplatelet Agents Aspirin Plavix Combination Oral anticoagulation – Coumadin Treatment of choice for individuals with atrial fibrillation who have had a TIA
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Cerebrovascular AccidentNursing Diagnoses Ineffective tissue perfusion r/t decreased cerebrovascular blood flow Ineffective airway clearance Impaired physical mobility Impaired verbal communication Impaired swallowing Unilateral neglect r/t visual field cut & sensory loss Impaired urinary elimination Situational low self-esteem r/t actual or perceived loss of function
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Cerebrovascular AccidentNursing Goals Maintain stable or improved LOC Attain maximum physical functioning Attain maximum self-care activities & skills Maintain stable body functions Maximize communication abilities Maintain adequate nutrition Avoid complications of stroke Maintain effective personal & family coping
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Cerebrovascular AccidentWarning Signs of Stroke Sudden weakness, paralysis, or numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body Sudden dimness or loss of vision in one or both eyes Sudden loss of speech, confusion, or difficulty speaking or understanding speech Unexplained sudden dizziness, unsteadiness, loss of balance, or coordination Sudden severe headache
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Cerebrovascular AccidentAcute Phase Assess: Frequently to assess CVA evolution Neuro — Glascow Coma Scale -- mental status, LOC, pupillary response, extremity movement, strength, sensation; ICP; Communication—speaking & understanding; sensory-perceptual alterations CV– cardiac monitoring; VS, PO, hemodynamic monitoring; Resp — airway/air exchange/aspiration; GI — swallowing—gag reflex; bowel sounds; bowel movement regularity GU — urinary continence Integumentary — skin integrity, hygiene Coping – individual and family
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Cerebrovascular AccidentAcute Phase Nsg Action: Supportive Care Respiratory – spans from intubation to breathing on own Musculoskeletal -- Positioning – side-to-side; HOB elevated; PROM exercise; splints; shoes/footboard GI – enteral feedings initially GU – foley catheter Skin – preventive care Meds: anti platelet
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Cerebrovascular AccidentAcute Phase Patient Education: Clear explanations for all care/treatments Focus on improvements—regained abilities Include family
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Cerebrovascular AccidentRehabilitation Assess: Swallowing; Communication; Complications; motor and sensory function Nsg Action: Coordinate resources: Speech Therapy—assess swallowing Physical Therapy—ambulation/strengthening Bowel/Bladder Appropriate self-help resources
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Cerebrovascular AccidentRehabilitation Comprehensive plan – Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Inpatient Rehab Learn techniques to self-monitor & maintain physical wellness Demonstrate self-care skills Exhibit problem-solving skills with self-care Avoid complications of stroke Communication Maintain nutrition & hydration Use community resources Family cohesiveness
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Cerebrovascular AccidentRehabilitation Resources American Stroke Association Association of Rehabilitation Nurses National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke National Stroke Association Society for Neuroscience Stroke Clubs International
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