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Description : Diagnosis including history, Red Flags, and Examination

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Published on : May 27, 2022 | Views : 1680 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Approach to the patient with Back pain Presented By: Hesham AlGhofili & Gassan Almoqbel Supervised by: Dr. Amr Jamal
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Objectives Diagnosis including history, Red Flags, and Examination Brief comment on Mechanical, Inflammatory, Root nerve compression, and Malignancy Common causes Role of primary health care in management When to refer to a specialist Prevention and Education
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In USA it is the commonest cause of limitation of activity in those under the age of 45. (1) The lifetime prevalence of non-specific (common) low back pain is estimated at 60–70% (1)
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53.2% In Saudi Arabia Seven studies were cross-sectional and found a prevalence and pattern ranging from 53.2% to 79.17%. (2) 79.2%
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Role play
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MCQs!
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1- Which of the following is not indicative of inflammatory back pain? (3) a. Insidious onsetb. Onset before 40 years of age c. Pain for more than 3 monthsd. Morning stiffnesse. Aggravation of pain with activity https://PollEv.com/surveys/kPSMW0SBL/web
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2- Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a history of mechanical Lower Back Pain? (3) a. Relatively acute onsetb. History of overuse or a precipitating injury c. Pain worse during the dayd. All
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3- Which of the following is (are) a "red flag(s)" or danger signal(s) relative to the diagnosis of LBP? (3) a. Coughb. Impotence c. Chest paind. Constipation
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4- What is the most cost-effective and crucial aspect of the treatment of chronic LBP? (3) a. Patient educationb. Physiotherapy c. Bed restd. Morning stiffness
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5- Which of the following is the most common cause of LBP? (3) a. Metastatic bone diseaseb. Inflammatory back pain c. Lumbosacral sprain or straind. None of the above
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A thorough history and physical examination helps elucidate the diagnosis in most patients. What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with back pain?
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Hx taking (4) Doctor I have PAIN!
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DDx Mechanical Systemic Referred Malignancy Infection Multiple myeloma Metastatic carcinoma Osteomyelitis TB Brucellosis Inflammation Ankylosing spondylitis Lumbar strain or sprain Compression fracture Herniated disc and spinal stenosis Degenerative processes of disc and facet joint Spondylolysis Acute Aneurysm Pelvic disease Prostatitis/Endometriosis Renal disease Stones / Pyelonephritis GI disease Pancreatitis Cholecystitis
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Hx taking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Personal Data SOCRATES Neurological? Red Flags! PMH Past Surgical Hx Medications Family, Social & Systemic Review
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Hx taking 1 Personal Data Age? Occupation? 2 SOCRATES Site? Onset? Character? Radiation? Associated? Timing? Exacerbating? Severity? Residence?
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Hx taking 3 4 Neurological? Red Flags! Warrant additional diagnostic imaging
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Hx taking 5 6 7 8 PMH Past Surgical Hx Medications Family, Social & Systemic Review Trauma? Cancer? Steroid? Inherited disease? Smoking? Alcohol? Psychatic? Social?
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Hx taking One More thing Idea Expectation Concern How does it affect him/her Emotionally/Functionally
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Physical Examination Will be explained by Gassan in latter slides Laboratory tests Not necessary in the evaluation of back pain unless the concerned about the possibility of malignancy or infection (5) FBC, ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood cultures Urinalysis and Culture.. Why?
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Imaging High-risk patients Most patients with low back pain with or without sciatica do not routinely require imaging when presenting in a non-specialist setting. (5) Reassure.. that their symptoms will respond to conservative treatment. (5) If symptoms persist longer than 6 to 8 weeks, plain x-rays should be obtained at that time (5)
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Imaging MRI or CT, only if: neurological compromise, infection, or tumors is considered (5) After discussion with a spinal surgeon. MRI is the preferred study. If contraindicated a CT myelogram is usually warranted.(5) In trauma situations, the standard AP pelvis and cervical spine radiographs should be obtained. (5)
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Imaging (6) Do not routinely offer imaging in a non-specialist setting. Explain to the patient that if she/he is being referred for specialist opinion, she/he may not need imaging. Consider imaging for people with low back pain with or without sciatica only if the result is likely to change management.
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Case A 38-year-old man with no significant history of back pain developed acute LBP when lifting boxes 2 weeks ago. The pain is aching in nature, located in the left lumbar area, and associated with spasms. He describes previous similar episodes several years ago, which resolved without seeing a doctor. He denies any leg pain or weakness. He also denies fevers, chills, weight loss, and recent infections On examination, there is decreased lumbar flexion and extension secondary to pain, but a neurologic exam is unremarkable. Mechanical Inflammation Malignancy Root Nerve Compression
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Case A 20-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with low back pain and stiffness that has persisted for more than 3 months. There is no history of obvious injury but he is a very avid sportsman. His back symptoms are worse when he awakes in the morning, and the stiffness lasts more than 1 hour. His back symptoms improve with exercise. He has a desk job and finds that sitting for long periods of time exacerbates his symptoms. His back symptoms also wake him in the second half of the night. He normally takes an anti-inflammatory drug during the day, and finds his stiffness is worse when he misses a dose. He has had 2 bouts of iritis in the past. Mechanical Inflammation Malignancy Root Nerve Compression
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27 9-year-old male patient who had a history of low back pain for about a year and was reporting severe, constant, and aching lower back pain of 8-9 on a scale of 10. as well as radicular right leg pain, decreased sensation on the right, difficulty straightening his right leg making it difficult to walk. An MRI showed a rather large L5-S1 herniated disc on the right side with severe degenerative disc disease. Case Mechanical Inflammation Malignancy Root Nerve Compression
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28 A man aged 78 years presented to his general practitioner with new-onset low back pain. The patient had metastatic prostate cancer, which was diagnosed 2 years ago. He reported a 6-week history of constant, burning pain in the lower lumbar region, which was worse at night and was 7/10 in severity on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. He had no relief with regular paracetamol or ibuprofen. He had not had lower limb weakness, numbness, lower urinary tract symptoms or weight loss. Case Mechanical Inflammation Malignancy Root Nerve Compression
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4 Mechanical Tends to get better or worse depending on your position – for example, it may feel better when sitting or lying down. Typically feels worse when moving Can develop suddenly or gradually Might sometimes be the result of poor posture or lifting something awkwardly, but often occurs for no apparent reason May be due to a minor injury
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4 Inflammation Age at onset of back pain <45 years Back pain lasting > 3 months Night pain Early morning pain and stiffness lasting more than one hour Insidious onset Tenderness/inflammation over the joint Increased by Rest and Relived by activity
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31
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4 Root Nerve Compression Characterized by radicular pain arising from nerve root impingement due to herniated discs. Radicular pain: Pain that radiates into the lower extremity directly along the course of a spinal nerve root.
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4 Malignancy Metastatic tumors are found mostly in patients older than 50 years . Metastatic disease is more common than primary tumors of the spine, and thoracic spine metastatic lesions are more common than lumbar Patient usually has constitutional symptoms such as fever ,Wight loss, loss of appetite and N\V
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Others 34 Pediatrics: In Primary care settings most of the cases are due to overloaded school backpacks.. (10) Also think about psychological causes to avoid going to school. Women: Ask about pregnancy. Psychiatric patients: 75% of Depressed patients present with pain .. One of the most common sites is Lower back pain (11)
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Case 1 A 28-year-old man with chronic low back pain (LBP) comes to your office for renewal of his medication. He was injured at work 5 years ago while attempting to lift a box of heavy tools. Since that time, he has been off work, living on compensation insurance payments, and he has not been able to find a job that does not aggravate his back. On physical examination, the patient demonstrates some vague tenderness in the paravertebral area around L3 to L5. He has some limitations on both flexion and extension. What is the most likely diagnosis? What is the next step?
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1 Lumbar muscular strain/sprain Stiffness, and/or soreness of the lumbosacral region (underneath the twelfth rib and above the gluteal folds) persisting for <12 weeks. (12) What is the difference between strain and sprain? Strains occur when a muscle is stretched too far and tears, damaging the muscle itself. Sprains happen when over-stretching and tearing affects ligaments, which connect the bones together.
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1 Lumbar muscular strain/sprain The most common source of back pain but do not sound serious and do not typically cause long-lasting pain. Arises from any combination of pathology involving discs, vertebrae, facet joints, ligaments, and/or muscles.
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1 Lumbar muscular strain/sprain Clinical presentation: Sharp intense pain for 1 to 2 days; muscle spasm; most patients recover within 3 months Risk factors? Lifting a heavy object, or twisting the spine while lifting Sudden movements that place too much stress on the low back, such as a fall Poor posture over time Sports injuries, especially in sports that involve twisting or large forces of impact
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1 Lumbar muscular strain/sprain Benign physical examination. Investigations? (12) Management: What is the aim of the treatment? Reducing pain and restoring functional status. Clinical diagnosis <4 Weeks Lumbar Spine X-Ray >6 Weeks Lumbar Spine MRI Lumbar Spine CT Labs
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1 Lumbar muscular strain/sprain Management:(12) Evidence B Evidence B Evidence C
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1 Lumbar muscular strain/sprain Management: For the Muscle relaxant: NSAIDs if the first line. (Cochrane) Paracetamol (Evidence C)
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Case 2 38 year old laborer who had the immediate onset of left leg burning pain and weakness after lifting a heavy load. He had onset of some bladder incontinence What is the most likely diagnosis? What is the next step?
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2 Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) A complex, multi-factorial, clinical condition characterized by low back pain with or without the concurrence of radicular lower limb symptoms in the presence of radiologically-confirmed degenerative disc disease. The pain is exacerbated by activity, but may be present in certain positions, such as sitting.
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2 Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) Radiating lower extremity pain in a dermatomal distribution; History of bowel or bladder dysfunction, bilateral sciatica, and saddle anesthesia may be symptoms of severe compression of the cauda equine Positive straight-leg raise or contralateral straight leg (reproduced below 60° of hip flexion); positive femoral stretch test may suggest upper lumbar disc herniation.
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2 Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) Causes: Complex mechanical and inflammatory process. Genetic influences have been found to be more important than the mechanical effects. Associated with increasing age, smoking, the presence of facet joint tropism and arthritis, abnormal pelvic morphology, and changes in sagittal alignment.
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2 Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) Investigations: MRI: herniated disc Management: Saddle (perineal) anaesthesia, sphincter dysfunction, bladder retention, and leg weakness = Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) Urgent referral to the hospital. Emergency decompression of the spinal canal within 48 hours after the onset of symptoms
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2 Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) Management:
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Case 3 A 63-year-old woman presents with low back pain and cramping in both posterior thighs and numb- ness radiating into the feet with ambulation. It wors- ens with standing and walking and improves with sit- ting and bending forward. She has no bowel or bladder complaints. On examination, she has full strength, normal sensation, reflexes are symmetric, and she has 2+ peripheral pulses. Straight leg raise is negative. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis? What is the most likely diagnosis? What is the next step?
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3 Spinal stenosis Lumbar spondylosis refers to degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine that narrow the spinal canal, lateral recesses, and neural foramina. Facet joint and ligamentous hypertrophy, intervertebral disc protrusion, and spondylolisthesis may all contribute to the stenosis, and symptoms result from neural compression of the cauda equina, exiting nerve roots, or both.
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3 Spinal stenosis Intermittent pain radiating to the thigh or legs. Worse with prolonged standing, activity, or lumbar extension. Pain is typically relieved by sitting, lying down, and/or lumbar flexion; patient may describe intermittent burning, numbness, heaviness, or weakness in their legs, unilateral or bilateral radicular pain, motor deficits, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and back and buttock pain with standing and ambulation
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3 Spinal stenosis Patients walk with a forward flexed gait; patients with vascular claudication have diminished pulses and typical skin changes, such as mottled discoloration, thinning and shiny skin
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3 Spinal stenosis Investigations: MRI:
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3 Spinal stenosis Management:
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3 Spinal stenosis Management: Non Pharmaceutical measures: Temporary reduction in physical activity is recommended; patients should be careful to avoid bending, lifting, or twisting movements until the pain subsides. Bed rest is not recommended. Prolonged bed rest (>4 days) is contra-indicated, especially in older patients as it may lead to rapid de-conditioning and increased risk of DVT.
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55 Almost done 
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Case 4 A 70-year-old man, 6 months after renal transplantation and on corticosteroid treatment, presents with severe back pain. X-ray evaluation of the thoracic and lumbar spine discloses evidence of multiple vertebral compression fractures. What is the most likely diagnosis? What is the next step?
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4 Compression fracture Most osteoporotic spinal compression fractures represent an isolated failure of the anterior spinal column due to a combination of flexion and axial compression loading. The stability of the spine is not compromised with this type of fracture. These fractures are traditionally considered benign injuries that heal without complications.
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4 Compression fracture Typically history of trauma, although acute event not always recalled; pain at rest and at night, previous history of fractures (e.g., distal radius, hip or other vertebral compression fractures) Tenderness to palpation over the midline; increased kyphosis, normal neurological examination unless there is retropulsion of bone into the neural elements, such as in burst fractures
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4 Compression fracture plain x-rays: MRI? Useful in distinguishing between osteoporotic compression fractures and those caused by underlying tumour or infection.
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4 Compression fracture Management: 1st: Limited bed rest. Adjunctive: Analgesia (Paracetamol/NSAIDs)
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Examination look, feel, move and test function. You should perform a physical examination to reproduce the patient’s symptoms and localized the level of lesion. (7)(14)(15)
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1- Inspection: Position Exposure Look for deformity, inspecting from both the back and the side. Note especially loss of the normal thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis, which is typical of ankylosing spondylitis. Also note any evidence of scoliosis, a lateral curvature of the spine that may be simple (‘C’ shaped) or compound (‘S’ shaped) soft-tissue abnormalities like a hairy patch or lipoma that might overlie a congenital abnormality, e.g. spina bifida. Muscle wasting shoulders & pelvis level. (7)(14)(15) Components of physical examination
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Components of physical examination 2- Palpation Patient should be in prone position. Palpation occurs: centrally unilateral Soft tissues After warning the patient, lightly percuss the spine with your closed fist and note any tenderness. (7)(14)(15)
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3- Active movements: There are three main movements of the lumbar spine: Flexion Extension Lateral bending Rotation (7)(14)(15)(16) Components of physical examination
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4- provocative tests Femoral stretch test: Knee flexion hip extension while the patient is lying in prone position. Positive if pain felt in ipsilateral anterior thigh. Positive test mean that the L3 and L4 nerve roots are involved. (7)(14)(15) Components of physical examination
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Straight leg raising (SLR) test Done while the patient lying in supine position. Tension increased by dorsiflexion of foot (Bragard’s test). Root tension relieved by flexion at the knee. Pressure over centre of popliteal fossa causes pain locally and radiation into the back. Positive test mean that the L4, L5 and S1 nerve roots are involved. (7)(14)(15) Components of physical examination
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5- Neurological testing of lower limbs Do Neurological examination if patient has any signs or symptoms of nerve root compression. If there is nerve roots compression patient will have pain, pareasthesia, anesthesia and weakness, extend into the leg. (7)(14)(15) Components of physical examination
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Main nerve roots A- L1: Motor  Hip flexion(psoas major) Sensation around the groin and hip area Reflex  cremasteric relfex (L1,L2) B- L2: Motor  Hip flexion Sensation anterior thigh Reflex  knee jerk (L2,L3, L4)(7)(14)(15)
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C- L3 Motor  extension of knee Sensation  anterior thigh Reflex  knee jerk (L3, L4) D- L4 Motor  ankle dorsiflexion and foot inversion. Sensation  inner border of foot to great toe Reflex  knee jerk(7)(14)(15) Main nerve roots
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E- L5 Motor: walking on heels (ankle dorsiflexion), extension of great toe Sensation  middle three toes (dorsum) Reflex  nil F- S1 Motor: walking on toes (ankle planter flexion), foot eversion Sensation  little toe, most of sole Reflex  ankle jerk (S1, S2)(7)(14)(15) Main nerve roots
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X-Ray Normal lumbar spine radiographs. A: AP projection. B: Lateral projection.
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X-Ray Metastatic prostate cancer
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MRI Normal MRI
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MRI Degenerative disease
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Role of PHC: Educate patient about the natural history of back pain. Ask about and address the patient’s concerns and goals. (patient centered care) Maximize functional status. Relief the pain. Improve associated symptoms, such as sleep or mood disturbances or fatigue. Referral of complicated cases. Prevention heavy lifting, socio-demographic factors such as smoking and obesity Primary care services have an approach to risk stratification for young people and adults presenting with a new episode of low back pain with or without sciatica. Young people and adults with low back pain with or without sciatica are given advice and information to self-manage their condition. (6)
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When to refer ? Urgent/Emergency referrals : Cauda equina Sever radiculopathy. Fractures. Other referrals Recalcitrant spinal canal stenosis Neoplasia or infection Undiagnosed back pain Paget disease Continuing pain of 3 months’ duration without a clearly definable cause(16)
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Prevention and education Losing weight: too much upper body weight can strain the lower back. Posture: How you sit, stand and lie down can have an important effect on your back. The following tips should help you maintain a good posture. Standing: Stand upright, with your head facing forward and your back straight. Balance your weight evenly on both feet and keep your legs straight
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Sitting and driving: Sit up with your back straight and your shoulders back. Your knees and hips should be level and your feet should be flat on the floor. Prevention and education
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Sleeping: Your mattress should be firm enough to support your body while supporting the weight of your shoulders and buttocks, keeping your spine straight. Prevention and education
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Lifting and carrying: One of the biggest causes of back injury is lifting or handling objects incorrectly. Think before you lift: can you manage the lift? Push rather than pull – if you have to move a heavy object across the floor, it is better to push it rather than pull it. Prevention and education
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Exercise: Exercise is both an excellent way of preventing back pain and of reducing it, but should seek medical advice before starting an exercise programs if you've had back pain for six weeks or more. Prevention and education
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Role play
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1- Which of the following is not indicative of inflammatory back pain? a. Insidious onsetb. Onset before 40 years of age c. Pain for more than 3 monthsd. Morning stiffnesse. Aggravation of pain with activity https://PollEv.com/surveys/kPSMW0SBL/web
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2- Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a history of mechanical Lower Back Pain? a. Relatively acute onsetb. History of overuse or a precipitating injury c. Pain worse during the dayd. All
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3- Which of the following is (are) a "red flag(s)" or danger signal(s) relative to the diagnosis of LBP? a. Coughb. Impotence c. Chest paind. Constipation
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4- What is the most cost-effective and crucial aspect of the treatment of chronic LBP? a. Patient educationb. Physiotherapy c. Bed restd. Morning stiffness
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5- Which of the following is the most common cause of LBP? a. Metastatic bone diseaseb. Inflammatory back pain c. Lumbosacral sprain or straind. None of the above
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References 1. Hengel KM, Visser B, Sluiter JK. The prevalence and incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms among hospital physicians: A systematic review. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2011;84(2):115-9. 2. Awaji M. Epidemiology of Low Back Pain in Saudi Arabia. J Adv Med Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2016;6(4):1–9. Available from: http://sciencedomain.org/abstract/13544 4. Henderson M, Tierney L, Smetana G. The patient history. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2012. 3. Swanson’s Family Medicine Review (7th Ed.) 5. Assessment of back pain [Internet]. BMJ Best Practice; 2018 [cited 4 September 2018]. Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/189/pdf/189.pdf
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References 6. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. NICE guideline; 2016. 7. Evaluation of low back pain in adults [Internet]. Uptodate.com. 2018 [cited 4 September 2018]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-low-back-pain-in-adults?search=evalu%20ation-of-low-back-pain-in adults&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 8. Dog and Rooster I. Disc Herniation Case Studies| Spine Institute of San Diego : Center for Spinal [Internet]. Sdspineinstitute.com. 2018 [cited 6 September 2018]. Available from: http://www.sdspineinstitute.com/case-studies/disc-herniations/lumbar.html 9. Practitioners T. RACGP - Back pain in a cancer patient: a case study [Internet]. Racgp.org.au. 2018 [cited 6 September 2018]. Available from: https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/august/back-pain-in-a-cancer-patient/
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References 11. Kleiber B, Jain S, Trivedi MH. Depression and Pain: Implications for Symptomatic Presentation and Pharmacological Treatments. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2005;2(5):12-18. 12. Musculoskeletal lower back pain [Internet]. BMJ Best Practice. 2018 [cited 4 September 2018]. Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/778 10. Evaluation of the child with back pain [Internet]. Uptodate.com. 2018 [cited 4 September 2018]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-the-child-with-back-pain 13. Osteoporosis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice [Internet]. Bestpractice.bmj.com. 2018 [cited 6 September 2018]. Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/85/case-history
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References 14. Talley Clinical Examination - 7th Ed 15. Macleod's Clinical Examination (13th Ed.) 16. Low back pain [Internet]. EBM Guidelines Available from: http://www.ebm-guidelines.com/ebmg/ltk.free?p_artikkeli=ebm00435
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Take Home Message Back pain mostly diagnosed clinically. Exclude the RED FLAGS Don’t forget ICE Imaging is not a must يا ابني Medications is not everything even يا ابني When you suspects Cauda Equine Refer!! Not every patient deserve a complete rest.. Some are contraindicated.
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