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Antiviral Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Antiviral, Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs" by Linda Self.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs, medications used to treat infections caused by viruses, fungi, and parasites, respectively.

Antiviral drugs work by preventing the replication of viruses, while antifungal drugs inhibit the growth or destroy fungi, and antiparasitic drugs are used to kill parasites.

Some examples of antiviral drugs include acyclovir, which is used to treat herpes simplex virus infections, and oseltamivir, which is used to treat influenza.

Examples of antifungal drugs include fluconazole, which is used to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails, and amphotericin B, which is used to treat severe fungal infections.

Antiparasitic drugs include mebendazole, which is used to treat intestinal worm infections, and quinine, which is used to treat malaria.

It is important to note that these medications may have side effects and should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Additionally, these drugs may not be effective against all types of infections and may need to be combined with other treatments for optimal results.

Tags : Antiviral, Antifungal, Antiparasitic Drugs, infections, viruses, fungi, parasites, pharmaceuticals, pharmaceuticals PowerPoint presentations

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 1301 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Antiviral, Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs Nursing 3703 Pharmacology By Linda Self
Slide 2-

Viruses Intracellular parasites Enter host, bind to receptors on cell membranes Use cellular metabolic activities for replication May be DNA or RNA viruses
Slide 3-

Viruses DNA viruses incorporate into chromosomal DNA, produce new viruses RNA viruses must be converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase in order to replicate
Slide 4-

Viruses Induce antibodies and immunity Protein coat allows host recognition as foreign vs. self Exception is influenza
Slide 5-

Viral illnesses Herpes Simplex 1 and 2 Cytomegalovirus Influenza RSV Rotavirus HIV and AIDS
Slide 6-

Antiviral Drugs Catalyst was AIDS Both for Tx of AIDS and for opportunistic infections
Slide 7-

Viral Vaccines Poliomyelitis Measles Rubella Varicella RSV HPV Herpes Zoster Yellow Fever others
Slide 8-

Viral Vaccines Attenuated vaccines generally safe Do not use in patients who are: pregnant, on steroids, receiving immunosuppressants or antineoplastiacs, undergoing radiation Tx or who are immunodeficient
Slide 9-

Drugs for Herpes Virus Infections Zovirax (acyclovir) for herpes labialis, varicella, herpes zoster, genital herpes Famvir (famciclovir) for zoster and genital herpes Valtrex (valacyclovir) for herpes labialis, zoster, recurrent genital herpes Famvir and Valtrex need titration in renally impaired
Slide 10-

Influenza H=hemagglutinin N=neuramidase April 2009 Quadruple reassortment Tx—Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir) or Flumadine (rimantadine) Tx for 5 days Relenza can cause bronchospasm
Slide 11-

Influenza To short course of infection, must be started within 48h Thereafter, ? may decrease severity
Slide 12-

RSV Virazole (ribavirin) Administered by inhalation Can cause bronchospasm
Slide 13-

Viral hepatitis Hepatitis B—Hepsera (adefovir), Epivir (lamivudine) Hepatitis C—peginterferon alfa 2a and Virazole (ribavirin)
Slide 14-

HIV Unique features 2 proteins on surface of virus bind with 2 sites on CD4+ cell Virus infiltrates into genetic material Reverse transcriptase enzyme enables virus to become double stranded DNA
Slide 15-

HIV Once double-stranded DNA, like the host cell, HIV can infiltrate cell nucleus of target cell Gains entry into target cell nucleus with aid of Integrase Following integration and replication, long protein chain is cleaved. Pieces then form into new viral particle
Slide 16-

HIV Cleavage is accomplished with aid of protease See page 568
Slide 17-

Drugs for HIV Infection Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Protease inhibitors Entry inhibitors
Slide 18-

Antiretrovirals Always used in combination Target enzymes or receptor sites Specific guidelines for pregnancy
Slide 19-

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Prototype is AZT Similar structurally to DNA components (adenosine, guanosine, cytosine or thymidine) Affect thymidine, thus inhibit reverse transcriptase Slow progression but do not cure Didanosine, Ziagen (abacavir), AZT (zidovudine), Epivir (lamivudine)
Slide 20-

Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Also inhibit reverse transcriptase Differ structurally from nucleoside RTI so circumvent resistance Viread (tenofovir) Used to Tx hep B as well
Slide 21-

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Directly bind with reverse transcriptase Used in combination with NRTIs Viramune (nevirapine) and Sustiva (efavirenz)
Slide 22-

Protease Inhibitors Inhibit action of protease Most protease inhibitors metabolized by cytochrome p450 system Many drug interactions Liver toxicities Lipid abnormalities Hyperglycemia lipodystrophies
Slide 23-

Protease Inhibitors Prezista (darunavir), Crixivan (indinavir), Viracept (nelfinavir), Norvir (ritonavir), Invirase (saquinavir)
Slide 24-

Combination Antiretrovirals Combovir (stavudine and zidovudine) Trizivir (abacavir, lamivudine and zidovudine) Decrease pill burden
Slide 25-

Entry Inhibitors Fuzeon (enfuvirtide) Selzentry (maraviroc) Do not act on enzymes but rather affect glycoproteins that allow binding and fusion of the virus to the CD4+ cell
Slide 26-

Integrase inhibitors Still in clinical trials
Slide 27-

Fungi (mycoses) Mild or life threatening Widely present in environment Dermatophytes—tinea capitis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis Examples: Candida, Aspergillosis, Cryptococcus, Histoplasmosis, B
Slide 28-

Antifungal Drugs Development of antifungals difficult because fungal cells closely resemble human cells Polyenes—Amphotericin B, Nystatin Azoles—Sporonox (itraconazole), Nizoral (ketoconazole), Diflucan (fluconazole) Echinocandins—Eraxis (anidulafungin), Cancidas (caspofungin)
Slide 29-

Fungizone (amphotericin B) Give in D5W Use separate line In line filter depending on formulation Adverse effects: Infusion reaction with chills, fever, tachypnea Treat with Benadryl, Tylenol or steroids Nephrotoxicity most serious SE
Slide 30-

Amphotericin B Indicated for life-threatening fungal infections such as aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccinioidomycosis, crytococcis and histoplasmosis Drug concentrations are highest in inflamed tissues
Slide 31-

Miscellaneous Antifungals Lamisil (terbinafine) griseofulvin
Slide 32-

Mycostatin (nystatin) Same mechanism of action as Amphotericin B Too toxic for systemic use
Slide 33-

Azoles Largest group of commonly used antifungals Can be used topically or systemically Prototype is Nizoral (ketoconazole0 All azoles are contraindicated in pregnancy
Slide 34-

Azoles Less toxic than ampho Many drug interactions Poor absorption if achlorhydric Some hepatotoxicity Can be given orally
Slide 35-

Diflucan (fluconazole) Synthetic, broad spectrum against candidiasis, cryptococcis, coccidioidomycosis Not effective against aspergillosis PO or IV Fewer side effects than ketoconazole Does not require gastric acidity, does not cross blood-brain barrier Reduce dosage in renal failure
Slide 36-

Sporanox (itraconazole) Similar to Diflucan Drug of choice for blastomycosis, histoplasmosis and sporotrichosis Good for suppressive Tx in AIDS patients w/histo Contraindicated for dermatophytic infections and onychomycoses in heart failure patients IV or PO Many drug interactions
Slide 37-

Cancidas (caspofungin) First chicocandin antifungal Affects glucan in fungal cell wall leading to leakage of cellular contents Indicated for Tx of invasive aspergillosis who cannot take or do not respond to Fungizone or Sporanox
Slide 38-

Cancidas Can cause thrombophlebitis Abnormalities in blood count Liver impairment Drug interactions Mix only with normal saline, infuse over at least one hour
Slide 39-

Fulvicin (griseofulvin) For dermatophyte infections of the scalp and nails and for extensive skin eruptions Drug binds to keratin, over time the infected tissues are shed and replaced by uninfected tissues Need 3-8 weeks to Tx ringworm Up to one year for onychomycoses
Slide 40-

Fulvicin Side effects: GI upset, skin rash, insomnia, fatigue, hepatotoxicity, blood dyscrasias and peripheral neuritis Take with fatty meal May affect efficacy of OCP Coumadin may warrant adjustment
Slide 41-

Lamisil (terbinafine) Synthetic with broad spectrum of activity Inhibits an enzyme needed for synthesis of ergosterol, a structural component of fungal cell membranes Good for Tx of ringworm, nails hepatotoxic
Slide 42-

Drug Treatment for Specific Infections Aspergillosis—Sporonox, Amphotericin B Blastomycosis—Sporonox, Amphotericin B Candidiasis—varies r/t area of infection Oral Cutaneous Vaginal Systemic
Slide 43-

Drug Treatment for Fungal Infections Histoplasmosis—Sporanox PCP—Bactrim, pentamidine, dapsone, others Cryptococcis-Amphotericin B Coccidioidomycosis- azole to Amphotericin B
Slide 44-

Aspergillosis Found in soil, decaying plant matter, cellars May be found in cereals, powdered milk, peanuts, cashews, coffee beans Characterized by granulomatous lesions of lungs,skin, eyes, nose, urethra and may infiltrate to vital organs Occurs in debilitated and immunocompromised Tx w/ Amphotericin or Sporonox
Slide 45-

Histoplasmosis Found in soil, organic debris around chicken houses, bird roosts and caves inhabited by bats Develops when spores are inhaled Tx with Sporanox, possibly Ampho
Slide 46-

Candidiasis Yeast infection commonly affects those on abx therapy, inhaled steroids, diabetics, those on antineoplastic Tx or on steroids or who have AIDS Presents as: vaginal candidiasis, skin candidiasis, oral candidiasis or systemic disease
Slide 47-

Tx for Candidiasis Systemically—Amphotericin B Vaginally-Lotrimin (clotrimazole), Diflucan Oropharyngeal, esophageal, vaginal and systemic—Diflucan PO or IV
Slide 48-

Parasites Organisms that live within, upon or at expense of another organism to survive Include protozoa, helminths, scabies and pediculi
Slide 49-

Protozoa Include amebiasis, giardiasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis and trichomoniasis Single celled, may be saprophytes. Usually contracted by oral-fecal route, by contaminated water or by bite of an insect.
Slide 50-

Amebiasis Common in Africa, Asia and Latin America In US, more likely in homosexuals and bisexual men and in those who travel to areas with poor sanitation
Slide 51-

Amebiasis Drugs used are classified according to site of action Extraintestinal e.g. liver—use Aralen (chloroquine) For Intestinal use Yodoxin (lodoquinol) Flagyl is effective for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis May also use tetracycline or doxycycline as they alter bacterial flora
Slide 52-

Giardiasis Caused by Giardia lamblia Spread by food or water contaminated with feces with encysted forms of organism Also can contract by person to person transmission in day cares, institutions and in homosexual or bisexual men
Slide 53-

Giardiasis Seen in campers who drink water Causes diarrhea Can progress to chronic condition with malabsorption, wt. loss, anorexia Can result in B12 deficiency Tx is Flagyl
Slide 54-

Malaria Seen in tropics Rare in US Caused by four species of protozoa of genus Plasmodium-vivax, malariae, ovale and falciparum Transmitted by the Anopholes mosquito Antimalarials act at different stages in life cycle
Slide 55-

Malaria Chloroquine with primaquine is used for prophylaxis Lariam (mefloquine) for prevention and Tx, better in more resistant forms Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) used to Tx erythrocytic malaria Daraprim (pyrimethamine) folic acid antagonist also used in prevention
Slide 56-

Malaria Quinamm (quinine) prototype Derived from bark of cinchona tree Sometimes still used for leg cramps Replaced by agents with fewer SE
Slide 57-

Trichomoniasis Vaginal infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis Contracted sexually Treat both partners Flagyl is Tx
Slide 58-

Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms Some types of worms penetrate body tissues or produce larvae that migrate to blood, lymph, lungs, liver or other sites Some anthelminthics act locally, some systemically
Slide 59-

Vermox (mebendazole) Effective for hookworms, pinworms, roundworms, whipworms May be useful with tapeworms Prevents uptake of glucose necessary for parasitic metabolism Only 10% is absorbed systemically
Slide 60-

Stromectrol (vermectin) Used for various parasitic infections, most useful in stronguloidiasis Also used for resistant lice
Slide 61-

Scabies and Pediculosis Parasitic infestations of the skin Scabies by the itch mite called the Sarcoptes scabeii Scabies caused by one of three types of lice: pediculosis capitis, pediculosis corporis and pediculosis pubis
Slide 62-

Scabicides and Pediculocides Permethrins drug of choice for both Two applications recommended Pediculosis is a 1% preparation (Nix) Scabies used a 5% cream (Elimite) Permethrins safest Second line use Lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride)
Slide 63-

Scabicides and Pediculosis Ovide (malathion) is a pediculicide for head lice Rid (pyrethrin) for pediculosis