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Description : Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of some algal species

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Published on : Mar 07, 2021 | Views : 1795 | Downloads : 0

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(بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم) (صدق الله العظيم)
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Title of M.Sc. Thesis Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of some algal species By Omnia Hamdy Abdel Karim Demonstrator of Phycology
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Supervisors Prof. Dr. Atef Mohamed Abo-Shady Professor of Phycology Prof. Dr. Saly Farouk Gheda Assistant Professor of Phycology Dr. Gehan Ahmed Ismail Lecturer of Phycology
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INTRODUCTION
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder in which there are high blood sugar levels ( hyperglycemia ) over a prolonged period with disturbance of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. (Qia et al., 2008)
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There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 DM Results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) . The cause is unknown (Murugesan et al., 2015)
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Type 2 DM Begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. This form was previously referred to as "non insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The most common cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise.(Mu et al., 2012) The two types are diagramed in (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1. Types of Diabetes
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Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. (Lee & Jeon, 2013) Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, or death. Serious long-term complications include heart disease , chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes. (Zimmet et al., 2001 )
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Most diabetic patients eventually require pharmaco-therapy , such as : Injection of insulin Administration of oral antidiabetic drugs Diabetes medication unfortunately includes common side effects : Sulphonylurea : low blood sugar, upset stomach, skin rash or itching, weight gain. Thiazolidinediones : weight gain, risk of liver disease, anaemia risk, swelling of legs or ankles. Meglitinides: weight gain, low blood sugar. (Unnikrishnan & Jayasri , 2015)
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Recently, there has been a growing interest in alternative therapies and in the therapeutic use of natural products for diabetes, especially those derived from plants (algae). This is because plant sources (algae) are usually considered to be less toxic with fewer side effects than synthetic one (Murugesan et al., 2015)
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A natural therapeutic approach to treat diabetes is to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia. This can be achieved by the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes like alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase. Alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase are the important enzymes involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. Alpha Amylase is involved in the breakdown of long chain carbohydrates and alpha glucosidase breaks down starch and disaccharides to glucose. They serve as the major digestive enzymes and help in intestinal absorption.
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WHY are ALGAE?
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Algae are known to provide an abundance of bioactive compounds with great pharmaceutical foods and biomedical potential. Algae rich in : Minerals Vitamins Water-soluble polysaccharides Secondary metabolites flavonoids ( Massoumeh et al., 2012) the phenolic compounds. (Heo et al.,2009) phlorotannins (Lee & Jeon , 2013)
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Furthermore, that make algae nutritive, low-calorie food source. The biological benefits of algae including : anti-oxidant activity. anti-tumor activity. anti-coagulant activity. anti-hyperlipidemic activity. anti-hypertensive activity. anti-arteriosclerosis activity. anti-diabetic activity.(Ludmila et al., 2015 and Kiana et al., 2016)
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Antioxidant An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals , leading to damage cells. Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) terminate these chain reactions. (Bajaj and Khan, 2012)
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Diabetes and Oxidative Stress Several studies have shown that diabetes mellitus (types 1and 2) and cardiovascular disease is accompanied by the overproduction of ROS and decreased antioxidant capacity , leading to oxidative damage of cell components such as proteins, polyunsaturated, fatty acids, and DNA (cause the development of insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction and impaired glucose tolerance) (Bashan et al., 2009)
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Types of algae Microalgae Macroalgae (sea weeds) Cyanophyta Spirulina sp. Phaeophyta (Brown algae) Sargassum sp. 2.Chlorophyta (Green algae) Chlorella sp. 2.Chlorophyta (Green algae) Ulva sp. 3.Rhodophyta (Red algae) Gelidium sp.
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LITRATURES
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Hypoglycemic effect of Chlorella vulgaris intake in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki and normal Wistar rats: Examine the hypoglycemic effect of chlorella in 6 week-old type 2 diabetic rats and 6 week-old normal rats. This study shows that the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was not affected by the intake of chlorella, which could be beneficial, however, in improving insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic and normal rats. (Jeong et al., 2007).
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Antidiabetic potential of phycocyanin: Effects on KKAy mice: Antidiabetic activity of PC isolated from Spirulina platensis is most likely due to its ability to enhance insulin sensitivity, amelioration of insulin resistance of peripheral target tissues and regulation of glucolipide metabolism. Therefore, PC may have a potential clinical utility in combating type-2 diabetes. (Yu et al., 2012).
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Antioxidant and Renoprotective Effects of Spirogyra neglecta Extract in Experimental Type2 Diabetic Rats: Investigated the antioxidant and renoprotective effects of SNE in T2DM rats induced by high-fat diet with low single dose streptozotocin (stz). These findings indicate that SNE has beneficial effects on renal transport through antioxidant enzymes and PKCs in T2DM rats. (Ontawong & Saowakon, 2013)
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Hypoglycemic Effect of Sargassum ringgoldianum extract in STZ-induced Diabetic Mice: Investigate whether Sargassum ringgoldianum extract may inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, and alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Therefore, these results indicated that Sargassum ringgoldianum extract may help decrease the postprandial blood glucose level via inhibiting α-glucosidase. (Lee and Han, 2012)
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Antidiabetic potential of marine algae by inhibiting key metabolic enzymes: Sargassum polycystum and Sargassum wightii, were investigated for their antidiabetic potential using in vitro enzyme inhibitory assays showed significant inhibitory effects against α-amylase & α-glucosidase (Unnikrishnan et al ., 2014)
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In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Selected Marine Algae: In the present study, three marine algae such as Ulva lactuca , Grateloupia lithophila and Stoechospermum marginatum , were investigated for their antidiabetic potential using in vitro enzyme inhibitory assays. This study reveals the possible mechanisms of antidiabetic action in vitro. So the further investigation of the antidiabetic activity and identifies the hyperglycemic effect to elucidate their mode of action. (Murugesan et al., 2015)
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Red alga Gelidium amansii reduces adiposity via activation of lipolysis in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide This study was designed to investigate the effects of GA on plasma glucose, lipids, and adipocytokines in rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes. The results of the current study suggest that GA feeding may regulate plasma glucose and lipid levels and prevent adipose tissue accumulation in rats with diabetes. (Yang et al., 2015)
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THE AIM
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The aim Evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of some screened algal species . Characterization and Identification of the most promising compounds which have the antidiabetic activity.
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THE PROTOCOL
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Suggested plane of the research Collection of different types of seaweeds from different localities. Cultivation of microalgae on their specific media. Preparation of algal extracts using different solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the algal extracts. Determination of antioxidant activity using different assays. In vitro antidiabitic assay for inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity . Chemical characterization of active component using different techniques. In vivo trial application of the most promising algal extracts .
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