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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Corns and Calluses, which is titled "Acne and Acne related disorders", to know about acne and acne related disorders, the disease spectrum and various types of clinical presentations, the differential diagnosis of acne and related disorders, the therapeutic options and their indications, and the etiology, clinical types and treatment of rosacea.

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Acne and Acne related disorders Disorders of sebaceous glands and Rosacea Omar Abdulaziz Al-Sheikh, M.D. College of Medicine King Saud University
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Objectives Acquiring knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of acne and acne related disorders. Understanding the disease spectrum and various types of clinical presentations. Knowing the differential diagnosis of acne and related disorders. Acquiring knowledge of the therapeutic options and their indications. to be familiar with the etiology, clinical types and treatment of rosacea.
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Definition: Is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus of certain body area (Face> Torso > rarely the Buttocks), resulting in greasiness and polymorphic skin eruption.
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Incidence: Acne affects all skin types, the male and female ratio is virtually the same but tends to be more severe in males. 85% affects the age group 12 – 24 years 8% affects the age group 25 – 34 years 3% affects the age group 35 – 44 years
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Etiology: Genetic Aspect, (Acne runs in family) other example: the case of severe acne that is associated with XXY syndrome. Occupation (Environmental, Mechanical) e.g. exposure to acnegenic mineral oil (Pomade acne), dioxin Drugs Oral and topical Hydrocortison (Steroid acne), Lithium, Hydantoin, contraceptives Endocrine Factors (Recalcitrant Acne, POD/s, MARSH Syndrome) .
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Pathogenesis: ( three main steps recognized and hypothesized) 1. Follicular Hyperkeratosis (the cause not fully understood) theory suggest: deficiency in Linoleic acid, the effect of 5-a reductase enzyme on converting Androgen (Testosterone) hormone to the active acnegenic and potent (Dihydrotestosterone) DHT, the direct effect of Interleukin-1 on follicular hyperkeratosis
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Perifollicular Hyperkeratosis histology Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3
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2. Abnormal production of abnormal sebum increasing the ratio of wax ester to cholesterol and cholesterol ester and is believed to be the response of sebaceous glands to DHEA Seborrhoea is a common feature between patients with acne.
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3. Colonization of the affected unit with bacteria Propionibacterium acne and yeast named Malassezia furfur Propionibacterium acne Malassezia furfur Fig 4 Fig 5
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P acne is a potent activator of complement via classical pathway Fig 6 Fig 7
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Propionobacterium acne lipases act on sebaceous fatty acid (Triglycrides) to release irritant free fatty acid and low-molecular- weight peptide an extra cellular factor that penetrate the follicular wall and stimulate Polymorphs and Lymphocytes initiating inflammation Fig 8
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Hydrolytic enzymes released from the activated complement antibodies complex together with exoenzymes produced from P acne cause rupture of follicular wall Fig 9
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Once the wall is damaged Various agents (prostaglandin-like substance, amino acid, short chain fatty acids) that are produced by the inflammatory cells and P acne extrude to the dermis causing more inflammation
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Clinical features: (Acne and acne related Disorders) Acne Vulgaris: Papules: (Less than 0.5 cm) Comedones (Open “Blackheads” or closed “Whiteheads”)
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Open Comedones (Blackheads) Open Comedones Fig 10 Fig 11
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Closed Comedones (Whitehead) Closed Comedones Fig 12 Fig 13
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Inflammatory papules Inflammatory papules Fig 14 Fig 15
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Pustules : Pustules Fig 16 Fig 17
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Nodule (more than 0.5 cm) Nodule Fig 18 Fig 19
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Cystic acne: the cysts are usually large 1-4cm Fig 21 Fig 20
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2. The nodules and cysts could be associated with sinuses as in Acne inversa Acne inversea (Hidradenitis suppurativa “a misleading name”) because it is considered by some to be a disorder of apocrine gland (Sweat gland) but In my opinion Acne inversa affects primarily the Pilo Seb. Unit and affect secondarily the sweat gland, hence the correct name Acne inversa rather than Hidradenitis suppurativa is preferred.
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Fig 22
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Neonatal acne: cause unknown but some believed is due to passing of Transplacental androgen other suggest the role of Mlalassezia furfur and sympodalis . affect 1 in 5 mainly inflammatory comedones on nose and cheeks affect new born between the 1st and 6th week of age 3. Neonatal Acne and Infantile Acne
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Fig 23
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Infantile Acne: affect males more than females, usually between 3 and 6 months of age, and tend to be severer than the neonatal one and believed to be due to Endogenic androgen from the infant’s gonads.
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Fig 24
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4. Recalcitrant Acne Affect Women and associated with (Adrenal hyperplasia "11-B- or 21-B hydroxlase deficiencies) acne is usually nodulocystic
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5. Acne Fulminans Affect youngsters 13 – 17 years of age, very severe with ulceration and puss discharge, associated symptoms include (fever, malaise, myalgia, arthritis and bone pain) laboratory investigation shows ESR Can be induced by starting the patient on high dose of isotretinion (Roaccutane).
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Fig 25
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6. Acne Conglobata Very severe Acne, Nodulocystic form with abscess formation, affect Torso more than the face, usually associated with XYY Syndrome.
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Fig 26 Fig 27
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7. Acne Agminata (Lupus Milliaris Disseminatus Faciei) Some believe it is form of Rosacea (Granulomatous type), diagnosis is made at Histological base, Caseating Granulomata at the dermal level.
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Fig 28
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8. Acne as part of other syndromes MARSH Syndrome (Melsma, Acne, Rosacea, ,Seborrhoeic eczema, and Hirsutism) Acne Conglobata Favre Racouchot syndrome elderly with elastosis as part of Helioderma, sun exposure is a predisposing factor. Polycystic ovarian syndrome Atrophoderma vermiculatum as part of so called Ulerythema ophryogenes, in Noonan Syndrome, de Lange Syndrome, and Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome Not considered acne
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9. Occupational I Environmental Chloracne rare forms of acne affect patients exposed to Halogenated Hydrocarbons or who ingested Chlorinated Phenols (Dioxin) Pomade acne or known as Oil Folliculitis Acne Aestivalis or so called Mallorca Acne
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Occupational II mechanical acne Folicullitis Nuchae or so called Acne Keloidalis Pseudofollicultis barbae Acne excoriee as part of Psychodermatosis
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TREATMENT Note: All medications used for the treatment of acne act as: Anti comedonal Anti inflammatory Anti microbial
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Topical Keratolytic Retinoid ( Retinoic acid 0.025, 0.05, 0.1%) Adapalene (Differin 0.1%) Salicylic acid Benzoyl peroxide (peeling agent and antimicrobial) Azelaic Acid (10, 15, 20 %)
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Topical Antibiotic Topical clindamycin (Dalacin T) Erythromycin Mupirocin (Bactroban) Sodium Fusidic acid (less significant in the treatment)
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Systemic therapy Antibiotic (Macrolides and Tetracylines) Tetracycline Doxycycline Minocycline (blue grey discoloration and drug induced LE) Azithromycin
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Systemic Retinoids : Isotretinoin caps (Roaccutane): 0.5 – 1 mg/kg The most effective drug for acne. Indicated for severe forms (nodulocystic and fulminant) but also for milder forms associated with scarring or with significant psychological impact. Relapse is minimal with cumulative dose of 120 – 150 mg/kg. Side effects include: cheilitis, dryness, alopecia (less frequent than with acitretin), photosensitivity, xerophthalmia, decreased night vision, keratitis, benign intracranial hypertension (incresed risk with concomitant use of tetracyclines), photosensitivity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated liver enzymes, depression (controversial), skeletal hyperostosis, myalgias. Teratogenicity : Retinoid - induced embryopathy. Pregnancy category X. Pregnancy must be prevented during treatment and for at least 1 month after discontinuing the drug.
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Other forms of therapy Systemic steroid (Prednisolone): for acne fulminans and intralesional steriods for cystic acne. Photodynamic therapy i.e. Laser therapy and phototherapy (Less significant) SMT D002 is a new promising and potentially safe medication (Oxybutynin chloride), it has successfully completed two Phase I trials in healthy volunteers and believed to treat seborrhoea, a symptom of Parkinson's disease and the primary cause of acne. Topical formulation of the drug is currently being developed by Summit company. Hormonal therapy (Anti-androgen) Spironolacton (Potassium sparing agent) and Metformin as (Hypogylcemic agent) in treatment of PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) have good results on acne
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Rosacea A controversial topic in dermatology largely because of its uncertain pathophysiology and clinical variation. Erythema of the central face that has persisted for months or more. Primary features: flushing, papules pustules and telangiectases. Secondary features: burning, stinging, edema, plaques, dry appearance, phyma, peripheral flushing and ocular manifestations.
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Epidemiology Common in caucasian population Fair skinned individuals women>men Onset typically begins after age 30
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Etiology and pathogenesis 1) Vascular reactivity: Rosacea is induced by chronic repeated triggers of flushing exposure, they include: 1) Hot or cold temperature 7) Sunlight 2) Hot drinks 3) Spicy foods 4) Alcohol 8) Emotional disteress 5) Certain cosmetics 9) Topical irritants 6) Medications
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Etiology and pathogenesis 2) Dermal matrix degeneration and endothelial damage Inherent problems with vessels permeability Delayed clearance of inflammatory mediators and waste products Photodamaged connective tissue (solar elastosis is a common background on which rosacea histologic features are superimposed
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Etiology and pathogenesis The role of microbe – induced follicle based inflammation Commensal organisms which reside in hair follicles and sebaceous glands may trigger folliculocentric inflammatory papules. Demodex folliculorum (mite) or associated bacteria (bacillus oleronius).
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Sub-type classification Sub types were defined by the National Rosacea Society (NRS) expert committee in 2002. 1) Erythematotelangiectatic : persistent erythema and telangiectasias on the central face. 2) Papulopustular: papules and pustules predominate on convex areas on a background of persistent erythema 3) Phymatous: patulous follicular orifices, thickened skin and nodularity Most often affect the nose (rhinophyma) Almost exclusively in men 4) Ocular: Blepharitis is the most common feature (mebomian gland dysfunction) Conjuctivitis, iritis, scleritis, keratitis
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Fig 29 Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea
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Fig 30 Papulopustular Rosacea
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Fig 31 Rhinophyma
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Rosacea variants Granulomatous rosacea: Rosacea variant characterised by monomorphic yellow brown or red papules/ nodules located on the cheeks and periorificial skin. Granulomas on histology The background facial skin is otherwise normal
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Differential Diagnosis Full and detailed history (including medications)is required, Medications that induce flushing include : all vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, nicotinic acid, morphine, amyl and butyl nitrite, cholinergic drugs, bromocriptine, tamoxifen, cyproterone acetate, systemic steroids and cyclosporine. Diagnosis is made clinically Differential diagnosis include: Seborrheic dermatitis Steroid folliculitis/Perioral Dermatitis Acne vulgaris Erythromelanosis faciei and keratosis pilaris rubra Lupus erythematosus Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
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Treatment Sunscreens Avoidance of aggravating factors. Topical medications include: Metronidazole Sodium sulfacetamide and sulfur Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide Tretinoin Erythromycin and Clindamycin
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Oral medications include: Tetracyclines: Tetracyclines are the most commonly prescribed oral medications for the treatment of rosacea. They act by their anti-inflammatory effects Erythromycin (for children with granulomatous perioral dermatitis) Isotretinoin
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Laser and light therapy Laser and Intense Pulsed light IPL is useful in treating persistent erythema and telangiectasias Pulsed dye laser (585 or 595 nm) Potassium-titanyl phosphate laser KTP 532nm, for superficial small telangiectasias. Deep facial vessels require longer wavelengths : Diode laser (810) The long pulsed alexandrite laser (755nm) Long pulse ND:YAG (1064nm)
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Treatment of Phymatous Rosacea Early to moderate Phymatous changes could be treated with Isotretinoin. Advanced phyma is treated with surgery or surgery followed by isotretinoin. Scalpel tangential excision Electrosurgery Laser CO2 ablation.
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Fig 1, 2 www.scf-online.com/.../keratinization38_e.htm keratinization of the duct of the hair follicle. www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/imagepages/2087.htm open (Blackheads) comedones, Medical Encyclopedia Fig.3 Fig 4. Malassezia furfur www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/Malassezia.htm Closed comedones Skin and allergy centre. Fig 5 Fig 6 www.ohiohealth.com/bodymayo.cfm?id=6&action=t... Mayo Foundation for Medical and research. Fig 7 Fig 8 bacterial colonization www.healthcaresouth.com/pages/acnewhatis.htm Fig 9 Breakage of follicular wall www.healthyskinbydesign.com/acne.cfm papule Fig 10 open comedones www.healthcaresouth.com/pages/acnewhatis.htm Fig 11 Fig 12 closed comedones www.healthcaresouth.com/pages/acnewhatis.htmfig www.dermalogix.net/acne/acne.html open and closed comedones schematic pictures www.dermalogix.net/acne/acne.html proriobionacterium acne in pilosabaceous unit www.healthyskinbydesign.com/acne.cfm. follicular hyperkeratosis in acne Fig 13 Fig 14 Fig 15 Fig 16 www.healthyskinbydesign.com/acne.cfm pustule Fig 17. Courtesy of Skin and allergy centre Fig 18 www.healthyskinbydesign.com/acne.cfm nodule Fig 19 nodule www.acnekil.com/What's_Acne/photo_gallery2.htm Fig 20 Fig 21 Courtesy of Skin and allergy centre Fig 22 Courtesy of Skin and allergy centre Fig 23 www.adhb.govt.nz/.../BenignLesions.htm at neonatal dermatology benign lesions Auckland district health board. Fig 24 Courtesy of Polonia, second edition Fig 25 Fig 26 Courtesy of Skin and allergy centre Fig 27 Acne conglobata www.consultantlive.com/showArticle.jhtml?arti... Fig 28 acne Agminata Granulomatous rosacea in infants. Report of three cases and discussion of the differential diagnosis João Borges da Costa, Sousa Coutinho V, L Soares de Almeida, M Marques Gomes PhDDermatology Online Journal 14 (2): 22
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Fig 29, courtesy of Rook 2010 Fig 30, courtesy of Fitzpatrick 2008 Fig 31, courtesy of Polonia 2008
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text: Moulin G, Thomas L, Vigneau M, Fiere A.[A case of unilateral Elastosis with cyst and Comedones of Favre-Racuchet syndrome]. Amn. Dermatol Venereol 1994, 121(10), 721-3 Sanchez-Yus E, DejRb E, Simon P, Requenal A, Vazquez H.[ The histopathology of close and open Comedones of Favre-Racuchet disease]. Arch dermatol 1997 Dec. 133 (12) 1592. Zugerman C. [ Chloracne, clinical manifestation and etiology]. Dermatol clin. 1990 jan. 8 (1) 209-13. Birian B. [ Peri orbital Comedones ]. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000. 42. 622-7. Khorsow Mehrany, Josedh M, Kist Roger H, Weenig, Patricia M, Witman. [ Acne Fulminana]. Inter. J. Dermatol 2005. 44 132. Charles N, Ellis, Kent J, Krach. [ Uses and complications of isotretinoin therapy]. J Am Acad. Dermatol. 2001. 45: S1. 150-7. Bedlow A J. Otter M. Marsder R A. [ Axillary acne agminata ( lupus Miliaria Desseminatus Facies)]. Clin. Exp. Dermatolo 1998 May. 22 (3) 125-8 Ogunbiyi A, George A. [ Acne keloidalis in female: Case report and review of literature]. Nati. Med assoc. 2005 Aug. 97 (8) 1178 Alfred L, Knable Jr, C William Hanke, Rene Gonin. [ Prevalence of acne Keloidalis Nuchae in Football players ]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997. 37. 570-4 Shenefelt PD. [ Using hypnosis to facilitate resolution of psychogenic excoriation in Acne Excoriee]. Am. J. Clin. Hypn. 2004 Jan. 46 (3) 239-45 Griffiths WA. [The red face-an overview and delineation of the MARSH syndrome] Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1999 Jan. 24(1):42-7 Thomas B Fitzpatreick, Richard Allen Johnson, Klaus Wolf, Dick Suurmond, [Disorders of Sebaceous and Apocrine glands]. Color Atlas of Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology by McGraw-Hill. 2001 . Page 2-17
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Diane Thiboutot, MD Hershey, Pennsylvania [Acne: 1991-2001] . J Am Acad Dermatol July 2002 • Volume 47 • Number 1 • p109 to p117 Carolyn I. Jacob, MD,* Jeffrey S. Dover, MD, FRCPC, and Michael S. Kaminer, MD [Acne scarring: A classification system and review of treatment options] J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45:109-17 Susan C. Taylor, Fran Cook-Bolden, Zakia Rahman, and Dina Strachan. [Acne vulgaris in skin of color] J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:S98-106 Jerry K. L. Tan, Kirsten Vasey, Karen Y. Fung, [Beliefs and perceptions of patients with acne] J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:439-45 Clement A. Adebamowo, Donna Spiegelman, William Danby, Lindsay Frazier, Walter C. Willett, Michelle D. Holmes. [High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne]. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52:207-14 Brian B. Adams, MD, Viziam B. Chetty, MD, and Diya F. Mutasim, MD Cincinnati. [Periorbital comedones and their relationship to pitch tar: A cross-sectional analysis and a review of the literature] J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:624-7 V. Goulden, G. I. Stables,W. J. Cunliffe. [Prevalence of facial acne in adults] J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41:577-80 Lowell A. Goldsmith, Jean L. Bolognia, Jeffrey P. Callen, Suephy C. Chen, Steven R. Feldman Henry W. Lim, Anne W. Lucky, Barbara R. Reed Elaine C. Siegfried, Diane M. Thiboutot, onald G. Wheeland.[American Academy of Dermatology Consensus Conference* on the Safe and Optimal Use of Isotretinoin: Summary and recommendations ] J Am Acad Dermatol 2004 june. Volume 50 number 6 Marvi Iqbal, Michael S. Kolodney, [Acne fulminans with synovitis-acne-pustulosishyperostosis- osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome treated with infliximab] . J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:S118-20. Harold P. Lehmann, MD, PhD, Karen A. Robinson, MSc, John S. Andrews, MD,Victoria Holloway, MD, and Steven N. Goodman, MD, MHS, PhD. [Acne therapy: A methodologic review]. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:231-40 Harald Gollnick, MD, and William Cunliffe, Diane Berson, Brigitte Dreno, Andrew Finlay, James J. Leyden, Alan R. Shalita, Diane Thiboutot. [Management of Acne A Report From a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne]. J AM ACAD DERMATOL JULY 2003. VOLUME 49, NUMBER 1 Gary M. White. [Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:S34-7 John Y. M. Koo, Jennifer H. Do, Chai Sue Lee. [Psychodermatology]. J AM ACAD DERMATOL NOVEMBER 2000. VOLUME 43, NUMBER 5 Sharam S Yashar, Ali Moiin, .[ TREATMENT OF PSYCHODERMATOSES WITH SEROTONIN-NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS]. J AM ACAD DERMATOL MARCH 2004. P 33
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Wilkin J et al: Standard classification of rosacea: Report of the National Rosacea Societv Exoert Committee on the classification and staging of rosacea J Am Acad Dermatol 46:584, 2002 Plewig C, Kligman A: Acne and Rosacea, 3rd ed. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 2000, p 455 Wilkin J et al: Standard grading system for rosacea: Report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Commiittee on the classification and staging of rosacea J An Acad Dermatol 5O:907,2004 Crawford C, Pelle M, James W: Rosacea: I. Etiology, pathogenesis, and subtype classification J Am Acad Dermatol 5L:327,2004 Pelle M, Crawford C, James W: Rosacea: II Therapy J Au Acad Dermatol 5l:499, 2004 Marks R, Harcourt-Webster J: Histopathology of rosacea Arch Dermatol 100:683, 1969 BogeEEPi et al: Surgical treatmen! of rhinophyma: A comparison of techniques Aesth Plast Surg 26:57, 2002