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The Urinary System-Filtration And Fluid Balance PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "The Urinary System-Filtration and Fluid Balance”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the urinary system which is responsible for maintaining fluid balance in the body and eliminating waste products. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary system and play a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance by filtering the blood and removing excess water and waste products.

Filtration in the Kidneys-The kidneys receive approximately 20% of the cardiac output, which allows them to filter large volumes of blood. The process of filtration occurs in the nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidneys. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and a tubule. The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries that filters blood, while the tubule reabsorbs important substances and secretes waste products.

As blood enters the glomerulus, it is filtered through a semipermeable membrane that allows water, electrolytes, and small molecules such as glucose and amino acids to pass through while retaining larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells. This process of filtration is driven by the pressure difference between the glomerular capillaries and the Bowmans capsule, a structure that surrounds the glomerulus.

Fluid Balance in the Kidneys-The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance by adjusting the amount of water that is excreted in the urine. The amount of water excreted in the urine is regulated by a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland.

When the body is dehydrated, ADH levels increase, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and produce concentrated urine. Conversely, when the body has excess fluid, ADH levels decrease, which causes the kidneys to excrete more water and produce dilute urine.

Overall, the urinary system plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance and eliminating waste products from the body. Dysfunction of the urinary system can lead to a variety of health problems, including kidney disease and urinary tract infections.

Tags : The Urinary System, Fluid Balance, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, Nephrology, Nephrology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 07, 2023 | Views : 1208 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Anatomy, Physiology & Disease Chapter 16 The Urinary System: Filtration and Fluid Balance
Slide 2-

Introduction Kidneys act as purification plant, cleaning blood of waste materials. Kidneys control electrolyte (Na, K, Cl, Co2) & fluid balances for body. Kidneys filter blood, reabsorb & secrete ions, & produce urine. Without this important function you would survive only a few days.
Slide 3-

Urinary System Overview Two kidneys, bean shaped organs located in superior dorsal abdominal cavity that filter blood & make urine, & accessory structures. Ureter a tube that carries urine from each kidney to a single urinary bladder, located in inferior ventral pelvic cavity. Bladder: expandable sac that holds urine.
Slide 4-

Urinary System Overview con’t Urethra: a tube that transports urine from bladder to the Meatus. Function of urinary system is to make urine, thus controlling body’s fluid & electrolyte balance & eliminating waste products. To make urine, 3 processes are necessary: Filtration purification Reabsorption of water Secretion of excess water
Slide 5-

The Urinary System Meatus Upper Pole Lower Pole
Slide 6-

External Anatomy of the Kidney Renal Capsule: Kidney covered by fibrous layer of connective tissue. Renal Hilum: Gives kidney its shape. @ Hilum renal arteries bring blood to kidneys to be filtered and renal veins take filtered blood away from kidney. Ureter also attached at hilum to transport urine from kidney to bladder
Slide 7-

Internal Anatomyof the Kidney Kidney divided into 3 layers: Renal cortex: outer layer, grainy in appearance, has little obvious structure to naked eye; where blood filtration occurs. Renal medulla: middle layer: Transports urine to the renal pelvis via “pyramids.” Renal pelvis: inner layer. Collects urine. Path of Urine Production Renal Cortex Renal Medulla Renal Pelvis
Slide 8-

Renal Cortex Outer layer: grainy in appearance, has little obvious structure to naked eye; where blood filtration occurs.
Slide 9-

Renal Medulla middle layer: Transports urine to the renal pelvis via 7-18 “pyramids,” or collecting tubes. pyramids composed of collecting tubules for urine that is formed in kidney.
Slide 10-

Renal Pelvis Inner layer: Collects, then empties urine into proximal Ureter on way to bladder.
Slide 11-

Vasculature of the KidneyHealthy blood supply to kidney is essential Arterial System Renal Segmental Lobar Interlobular Arcuate Interlobular Afferent arterioles Glomerulus Efferent arterioles Venous System Renal Lobar Interlobular Arcuate Interlobular Peritubular capillaries
Slide 12-

The Nephron
Slide 13-

The Nephron Functional unit of kidney: consisting of millions of microscopic funnels and tubules. Divided into 2 parts: a. Renal Corpuscle: a filter b. Renal Tubule: where reabsorption & secretion take place.
Slide 14-

The Nephron con’t Blood enters renal corpuscle via glomerulus, ball of capillaries. Surrounding glomerulus is double-layered membrane called Bowman’s capsule, the filter.
Slide 15-

The Nephron con’t Blood flows into glomerulus & everything BUT blood cells & few large molecules, mainly protein, pushed from capillaries across filter & into glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. Fluid now called “filtrate.” Protein urea: protein in UA (filtrate) or Hematuria: blood in UA indicates renal problems!
Slide 16-

The Nephron con’tRenal Tubules Proximal loop Loop of Henle Distal loop
Slide 17-

Path of Urine Production
Slide 18-

How Urine is Formed 3 processes must occur in Nephron: 1. Glomerular Filtration: fluid & molecules pass from glomerular capillaries into glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. Filtrate flows into renal tubule.
Slide 19-

How Urine is Formed 3 processes must occur in Nephron: 1. Glomerular Filtration: fluid & molecules pass from glomerular capillaries into glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. Filtrate flows into renal tubule. 2. Tubular Reabsorption: substances reabsorbed pass from renal tubule into peritubular capillaries & return to blood stream.
Slide 20-

How Urine is Formed 3 processes must occur in Nephron: 1. Glomerular Filtration: fluid & molecules pass from glomerular capillaries into glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. Filtrate flows into renal tubule. 2. Tubular Reabsorption: substances reabsorbed pass from renal tubule into peritubular capillaries & return to blood stream. 3. Tubular Secretion: substances that are secreted pass through peritubular capillaries into renal tubule & eventually leave body as urine, no longer filtrate…
Slide 21-

How Urine is Formed Summary
Slide 22-

Reabsorbed vs Secretion
Slide 23-

Pathology Connection:Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi) Etiology: Calcium, phosphorus, & uric acid crystals, & nephritis. S/S: Hematuria, flank/abd/pelvic pain. Urgency, fever, N/V. Mild to extreme pain 10/10! D/X; History/Exam, UA, Ultrasound or CT, KUB, IVP
Slide 24-

Normal KUB & IVP KUB IVP
Slide 25-

Abnormal IVP NFRK
Slide 26-

Abnormal IVP
Slide 27-

Abnormal IVP RRC RUPJC
Slide 28-

Abnormal IVP L
Slide 29-

Abnormal IVP
Slide 30-

Normal IVP
Slide 31-

Pathology Conncection:RX for Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi) con’t Depends on size & location of stone Pain/Nausea medications, fluids, strain UA Extracoporal Lithotripsy: shock waves to break up stone into smaller stones. Ureteroscopy: fiberoptic endoscope threaded up urethra, through bladder, & into ureter; attached instrument shatters stone & captures pieces. Percutaneous Nephro/ureterolithotomy: Surgical removal of stone
Slide 32-

Extracoporal Lithotripsy
Slide 33-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Urinary Tract (Bladder) Infection (UTI) Etiology: fecal bacteria into urinary tract S/S: freq, dysuria, hematuria, turbid urine, & urine with unusual odor, fever, hypogastric or LBP. Dx: UA, C&S, Pt. History Rx: Antibiotics, increase fluids Prognosis: Excellent Pts. Most @ Risk: Women, elderly, hospitalized with or without catheters, men with BPH.
Slide 34-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Polycystic Kidney Disease Etiology: Genetic S/S: enlarged, cystic kidneys, hypertension, UTI, dilute urine, liver cysts, pain, hematuria, aneurysm Dx: CT, MRI, Genetic tests Rx: various meds and or Renal Transplant Prognosis: No cure without transplant
Slide 35-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Ischemic Nephropathy Etiology: decrease blood flow to kidneys S/S: kidney failure, uremia, hypertension or hypotension, oliguria, increase serum creatinine & urea. Dx: UA, BUN & Creatinine Rx: treat underlying cause & symptoms, possible renal transplantation. Prognosis: Poor without treating cause or transplantation.
Slide 36-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Diabetic Nephropathy Etiology: Diabetes Mellitus (type I or II) S/S: early stages: increased glomerular filtration, protein in urine, later: uremia, HTN. Dx: BUN, Creatinine, UA, 24 hour UA Rx: tight glycemic control, blood anti-HTN Meds, lipid control, diet, kidney replacement Prognosis: Poor without RX & Pt. life-style changes
Slide 37-

Diabetic Nephropathy
Slide 38-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Drug Induced Nephropathy Etiology: drugs toxic to kidney tissue, especially contrast dye & NSAIDs. S/S: early stages: increased glomerular filtration, protein in urine, later: uremia, hypertension Dx: BUN, Creatinine, UA, 24 hour UA Rx: : stop drugs, no contrast dyes for patients with known risk factors, keep patients well hydrated before contrast dye use. Prognosis: Poor without treating cause or transplantation.
Slide 39-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Glomerulonephritis Etiology: : inflammation & scarring of glomerulus S/S: early stages: increased glomerular filtration, protein in urine, later: uremia, hypertension Dx: BUN, Creatinine, UA, 24 hour UA Rx: treating underlying cause may decrease progression. Prognosis: Poor if cause not found, transplantation
Slide 40-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Uremia Etiology: build up of organic waste products in blood due to renal insufficiency. S/S: elevated BUN & Creatinine, fatigue, neuropathy, seizures, lack of appetite, decreased smell & taste, mental confusion, insulin resistance, itching, inflammation, clotting problems. Dx: BUN, Creatinine, UA, 24 hour UA Rx: dialysis or renal transplantation Prognosis: poor without dialysis or transplantation
Slide 41-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Diabetes Insipidus (Dull-lacking flavor) Etiology: ADH deficiency 1. Central (Brain) 2. Nephrogenic (Kidneys) S/S: polyuria, dilute urine, thirst, dehydration, low K+, lethargy, muscle pain, irritability. Dx: UA, 24 UA, BUN, Creatinine, CT head & abdomen Rx: Thiazide or Amiloride “Loop” Diuretics or surgery. Prognosis: Varies
Slide 42-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Renal Failure Etiology: acute or chronic decrease in glomerular filtration rate. S/S: decrease urine output, uremia, edema, loss of appetite, fatigue, hiccups, nausea, mental confusion, clotting disorder, seizures, coma. Dx: UA, BUN & Creatinine, CT, IVP. Rx: BP meds, glucose & protein control, treatment of underlying condition, prevention CVD, peritoneal or hemodialysis, transplantation. Prognosis: Good with transplantion
Slide 43-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Overactive Bladder (Incontinence) Etiology: Unkn. Possible life-style choices S/S: urgency, inability to control urine flow Dx: Pt. Hx, UA, bladder studies Rx: Bladder training, sympathetic drugs Prognosis: Good
Slide 44-

Common Disorders of the Urinary System Bladder Cancer Etiology: Malignant tumor fm tobacco, radiation S/S: Hematuria, UTI’s, dysuria Dx: UA, cytology, cystoscopy, CT Rx: 1.Transurethral Resection BT (TUR-BT) 2. Chemotherapy 3. Radiation Prognosis: Very good if Dx early, poor if stage 3-4.
Slide 45-

Bladder Cancer
Slide 46-

Staging Cancer The TNM System T: describes the size & whether it has invaded nearby tissues. N: describes regional lymph nodes involved M: describes distant metastasis
Slide 47-

Staging Cancer 0: no cancer found 1: In-situ (Latin “in the place”) in the layer of cells in which they developed. 2: Localized: Cancer limited to the organ in which they developed. 3: Regional: Cancer spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs. 4: Distant: Cancer spread to distant lymph nodes or organs.
Slide 48-

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Etiology: bacterial infection with certain strains of E. coli, toxins damage kidneys S/S: fever, abdominal pain, pallor, fatigue, bruising, decreased urination, swelling Dx: blood tests, history Tx: blood transfusion, kidney dialysis