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The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Genetics, which is titled "The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium", to learn about the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, Genetic Drift, and Mutation.

Tags : Genetics, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, Genetic Drift, Mutation

Published on : Aug 29, 2021 | Views : 3100 | Downloads : 1

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OUTLINE 22 Forces that disrupt HW equilibrium A. Effects of chance in small populations - genetic drift 1. Bottlenecks 2. Founder effects B. Mutation C. Migration and gene flow D. Non-random mating E. Natural selection 1. Example: the peppered moth
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Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 RR Rr rr Plants in population Alleles in the gene pool
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Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 x 2 x 2 RR Rr rr 128 R Plants in population 32 R 32 r 8 r 160 R alleles 40 r alleles Alleles in the Gene pool
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Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 x 2 x 2 RR Rr rr 128 R Plants in population Alleles in the Gene pool 32 R 32 r 8 r 160 R alleles 40 r alleles 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q
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Probability of observing event 1 AND event 2 = the product of their probabilities. P[2 R alleles from 2 gametes]? Probability of each R = .8 Probability of RR = .8 x .8 = .64 = p x p = p2 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q What is the probability of an offspring with the genotype RR In the next generation?
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Probability of observing event 1 AND event 2 = the product of their probabilities. Pr: 2 r alleles from 2 gametes? Probability of each r = .2 Probability of rr = .2 x .2 = .04 = q x q = q2 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q What is the probability of an offspring with the genotype rr In the next generation?
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Pr: one r and one R from 2 gametes? P[ r and R] or P[R and r] = (.2 x .8) + (.8 x .2) = .32 = (p x q) + (p x q) = 2pq 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q What is the probability of an offspring with the genotype Rr In the next generation?
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p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 Frequency of RR Frequency of Rr Frequency of rr
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Fig 23.3b
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Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 RR Rr rr Plants in population Alleles in the gene pool
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is maintained as long as: The population is large There is no mutation There is no immigration or emigration Mating is random All individual survive and reproduce equally well (i.e. no natural selection)
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Fig 23.4 Genetic Drift in a small population of 10 individuals
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Bottleneck - effect of a temporary period of small population size on allele frequencies Original population
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Some disaster strikes the original population ……
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Bottleneck effect Original population Disaster strikes Allele frequency has changed
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Bottleneck effect Original population After the disaster Allele frequency has changed Disaster strikes
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Founder effect: the small initial number of Amish colonists included an individual carrying the recessive allele for six- fingered dwarfism
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New habitat Founder effect
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The founders of the new population have a different allele frequency Founder effect
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Original population is fixed for the green allele Mutation Mutation creates new alleles
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Original population is fixed for the green allele Mutation Mutation creates new alleles But recall that mutations are rare – about 1 in 100,000 per generation, and some of those mutations are lethal or deleterious
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Gene flow – movement between populations can change their allele frequencies Population 1 Population 2
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Gene flow - exchange of alleles among population changes gene frequencies Population 1 Population 2 Before: p = .33 q=.67 p = .67 q=.33 After: p = .37 q=.63 p = .63 q=.37