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Sensation And Perception PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Sensation and Perception” by Marina Sangkavichai.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about sensation and perception, two closely related processes that enable us to experience and interpret the world around us. Sensation refers to the process by which our sensory organs detect and respond to stimuli in the environment, such as light, sound, taste, touch, and smell. Perception, on the other hand, refers to the process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to make sense of the world.

Sensation and perception are closely related because perception relies on the information provided by sensation. For example, when we see an object, light waves are detected by our eyes, and this information is transmitted to our brain, where it is interpreted as an image. Our perception of the object is based on the sensory information that was detected by our eyes.

There are several different types of sensation and perception, including visual sensation and perception, auditory sensation and perception, tactile sensation and perception, olfactory sensation and perception, and gustatory sensation and perception. Each of these processes involves the detection and interpretation of different types of stimuli, and each plays an important role in our ability to understand and interact with the world around us.

Overall, sensation and perception are fundamental processes that enable us to experience and interpret the world, and they play an important role in our everyday lives.

Tags : Sensation and Perception, sensory organs, interpret sensory information, Neurology, Neurology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 1595 | Downloads : 5

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Slide 1-

Sensation and Perception Marina Sangkavichai
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Perceiving the World Sensory systems What are our senses? How do we make meaningful interpretations from what our senses take in?
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Senses Seeing Smell Hearing Taste Touch We have an amazing ability to distinguish different sensations. For example, a touch sensation does not “feel” the same as a “hearing” sensation.
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Sensation and Perception Sensation: process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain. Perception: the method in which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.
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Perception
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Sensory Coding Our senses “boil down” floods of information into a stream of useful data. After our senses analyze information, our senses use sensory “coding.” Sensory coding: important features of the world are converted into neural messages understood by the brain. Also known as “ transduction.” Exercise: Put pressure on your eyes, hold for a few seconds. The pressure you put on your eyes is “encoded” into visual features…not pressure. This is because the retina encodes visual information.
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Senses The minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus ( light, sound, pressure, taste, odor ) is called its absolute threshold. Example: we can feel a bee falling on our cheek, or smell a drop of perfume in a small apartment How loud does someone have to call out your name before you can hear it.
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Absolute Thresholds We don't notice radio waves, x-rays, or the microscopic parasites crawling on our skin. We don't sense all the odors around us or taste every individual spice in our gourmet dinner. We only sense those things we are able too since we don't have the sense of smell like a bloodhound or the sense of sight like a hawk; our thresholds are different from these animals and often even from each other.
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Bacteria On Our Skin
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Signal Detection Theory This refers to our attempt to focus on one particular stimulus and ignore the flood of information entering our senses. For example, focusing on a friends conversation at a party while trying to ignore the surrounding noises.
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Absolute Threshold What is the dimmest light this lifeguard could perceive in the darkness? Absolute threshold measures have been established by sensory psychology. Just as a threshold of a doorway is the dividing point between being outside or inside a room, the absolute threshold of a sense marks the difference between not being able to perceive a stimulus and being just barely able to perceive it.
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Absolute Thresholds Absolute thresholds define the sensory worlds of humans and animals. Humans can hear sounds down to 20 Hertz ( vibrations ) per second and up to 20,000 hertz. This is a practical range because if your ears could sense tones below 20 hertz, you would hear the movements of your muscles!
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Absolute Thresholds Dogs, bats, and cats, and other animals can hear sounds well above 20,000 hertz. Dog whistles ( 40,000 to 50,000) can be heard by dogs but not by humans. For humans this sound is beyond our awareness.
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Absolute Thresholds The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
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Sensory Adaptation Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging. Receptors are no longer sending signals to the brain Clothes would drive us crazy, ticking of the clock, and odors from our home would not go away.
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Perceptual Constancies The perceived size of an object remains the same, even though the size of its image on the retina changes is called SIZE CONSTANCY. For example: hold your left hand up to your nose, and right hand at arms length. Has your right hand suddenly grown smaller? No
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The Amazing Eye Light is one form of electromagnetic waves which travel around us. The transparent covering on the front surface of the eyeball that bends light rays inward toward the pupil is called the CORNEA.
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The EYE The cornea bends light inward and usher it into the pupil which is the small dark opening in the color of the iris. ( the pupil is a hole in your eye ). The iris controls the contraction of this pupil. It is an involuntary reflex. In very bright light, it can contract to the size of a head pin. In dim light, ( dark) it dilates ( that is WIDENS) to the size of a pencil eraser. Why do you think this is so?
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The EYE Your pupil responds to emotions as well as light! When a person looks at someone or something highly desirable, the pupils dilate ( widen ) as if to take in more of the pleasing view! It also dilates ( widens ) when a person is frightened, telling a lie, or sexually aroused. Pupil size is also related to mental effort, the more intense the mental activitiy, the larger the pupil becomes.
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Wide Pupils More Attractive
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Hess Studies In one of the studies they conducted, they showed men two sets of photographs of women. In one set, the pupils of each woman had been enlarged. In the other set of photos, the pupils of each woman had been reduced. Results showed that the men preferred the photos of the women with the enlarged pupil, even though the men could not explain why those were their favorites. When the test was performed on a group of women, the results were the same.
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The EYE The lens is just behind the iris and the pupil. This changes shape as it focuses on the retina. The retina is at the back of the eye. Images are projected from the lens.
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Depth Perception Depth Perception: is the ability to see three dimensional space and to accurately judge distances. You wouldn’t be able to drive a car or ride a bicycle, play catch, etc. The world would look like a flat surface! Images cast on the retina do not contain depth. They are flat, just like a photograph. So how do we perceive depth????
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Binocular Depth Cues Binocular depth cues are depth cues that depend on two eyes working together. Close one eye and see how your visual world changes!
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Binocular Depth Cues Each eye is about 2 ½ inches apart, just enough to give each eye a slightly different view of the objects focused on, and consequently a slightly different retinal image. These slightly different views are called binocular disparity.
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Class Exercise Hold a pencil/pen at arms length straight in front of you. Then close your right eye and focus on the pencil, then left, than right. The pencil will appear to be moving side by side. This is BINOCULAR DISPARITY. Two different images on the retina which allow you to perceive depth. Helps us see things in 3D. Each eye gets a different view of the world, this provides you with depth perception.
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A Hole In Your Hand Instructions: Roll a piece of paper into a tube. Close your left eye. Hold tube to your right eye like a telescope. Place left hand halfway down tube. Now open left eye. You will see a “hole” in your hand. Your brain blends these two images automatically.
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The Visual Cliff Experiment Researchers Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk wanted to test depth perception in children Built a special table that had a big drop on one side. They called it the “visual cliff.” Different size of the pattern was a clue for depth. Whole table was then covered by a clear glass top, so that a baby could safely be placed on or crawl across the “deep” side. ( video ) Youtube.com Visual Cliff ( 1950s) Joseph Campos-Visual Cliff
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Visual Cliff Results Infants tested in this study ranged from 6 months to 14 months old. 81 percent refused to crawl over the deep side. They interpreted this as a very early sign of depth perception.
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Gestalt Theories of Perception Gestalt A German word that refers to the whole form, pattern, or configuration a person perceives Figure-ground When viewing the world, some object (the figure) often seems to stand out from the background (the ground)
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Figure-Ground Images
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Figure Ground Images
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Gestalt Principles of Grouping
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Perceptual Constancies Allows perceived objects to maintain stable properties (size, shape, brightness) despite differences in distance, viewing angle, and lighting: Size constancy – as objects move away they seem to maintain same size Brightness constancy – objects seem to maintain a constant level of brightness regardless of differences in lighting conditions Shape constancy – objects are perceived as having an unchanging shape regardless of viewing angle changes that alter the retinal image
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Perception of Images
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Perception Exercise
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Cultural Influence on Emotional Perceptions Two studies tested the hypothesis that in judging people’s emotions from their facial expressions, Japanese, more than Westerners, incorporate information from the social context. In Study 1, participants viewed cartoons depicting a happy, sad, angry, or neutral person surrounded by other people expressing the same emotion as the central person or a different one. The surrounding people’s emotions influenced Japanese but not Westerners’ perceptions of the central person. These differences reflect differences in attention, as indicated by eye-tracking data (Study 2): Japanese looked at the surrounding people more than did Westerners. Previous findings on East–West differences in contextual sensitivity generalize to social contexts, suggesting that Westerners see emotions as individual feelings, whereas Japanese see them as inseparable from the feelings of the group. (…)
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Influences on Perception Attention Process of sorting through sensations and selecting some for further processing Some sensations are automatic requiring minimal mental effort Inattentional blindness Changes in objects not receiving direct attention are not noticed Cocktail party phenomenon When you hear your name, focus follows due to assumption that other meaningful information will follow Focus Information that receives focus is remembered while other stimulation received at same time is lost Hearing words spoken into both ears at same time; only words that receive focus of attention are recalled (Invisible video)
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Piano Stairs in Sweden A Volkswagen initiative called The Fun Theory is setting out to prove that people’s behavior can be changed for the better by making mundane activities fun. In a recent experiment, they set up musical piano steps on the staircase of a Stockholm, Sweden subway station to see if more people would be more willing to choose the healthier option and take the stairs instead of the escalator. That day, 66 percent more people took the stairs than usual, proving that fun is the best way to get people to change their ways.
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What do you see?
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Can you find the human face here?
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Optical Illusion
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Curved lines or straight lines
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Which one of the surrounded circles is bigger?
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What do you see?
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How many prongs are there?
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There’s a baby in this picture
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Animals on hands!
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Guido Danieli Animal on Hands
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Impossible Scenes
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Psychology Question Please define the terms sensation and perception. If a tree makes a sound in the forest, does it still make a sound? What are your thoughts?
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Supermarket Psychology Consumers buying more than what they need Slow music Red and yellow are NOTICEABLE Green evokes feelings of health Blue means reliable and trusting Visual merchandising is key Fresh flowers in the front to appeal to your sense of smell! Oh, earthly joy! Cereal and coffee usually in the middle aisles!
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Hearing How do humans hear? By picking up sound waves in the air. Sound waves are invisible ripples of high and low air pressure created by objects that vibrate or shake rapidly to and fro. You can “feel” sound waves if you’ve ever put your hand on a loud, booming speaker.
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Sounds Waves A little science! Sound waves have amplitude ( which is the height of each wave and frequency which is the number of waves per second). Low pitch sounds have low frequency, and low amplitude High pitch sounds high amplitude and high frequency. Illustration.
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How we hear! The ear converts this type of energy-in this case the energy of sound waves, into tiny electrical nerve signals. Sound waves are transmitted into the cochlea, a snail shaped tube in the ear. There are tiny hairs in this cochlea that are stimulated. These vibrations are then transmitted to the brain as sound. Exposure to loud noises can damage the ear so be careful….jack hammers, airports, etc.
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Smell Airborne molecules must reach receptors in the back of the nose in order to smell. Sniffing swirls the air up into these receptors. Messages from these receptors are sent to the brain temporal lobe and to parts of the limbic system. That’s why certain smells conjure up memories! Smell is important because it signals us to dangers in our environment such as smelling something burning, poisonous gases, etc.
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Taste Your tongue is covered with small bumps called the papillae. Each papillae has 100-200 taste buds ( sensory receptors of taste!) Basic taste sensations are sweet, salt, sour, bitter, Smell and taste work together ( colds don’t help!) Taste adds to our enjoyment of food. Taste signals travel slowly to the brain ( it may take a few seconds to realize what the taste is ). End of lecture