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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Dental Amalgam, which is titled "Metallic Biomaterials", to know about the Metallic Biomaterials used in medical and healthcare.

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Published on : Jul 01, 2021 | Views : 3163 | Downloads : 19

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METALLIC BIOMATERIALS Lecture: Biomaterials Department: Metallurgical and Materials Engineering University: Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Prepared by : Ayşe Eda ONAR 1107130006 Koray GENÇOĞLAN 1107130018
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CONTENT INTRODUCTION STEEL COBALT ALLOYS TITANIUM ALLOYS DENTAL AMALGAMES GOLD NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS OTHER METALS
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INTRODUCTION Physical Properties of Metals: Luster (shininess) Good conductors of heat and electricity High density (heavy for their size) High melting point Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin wires) Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)
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Chemical Properties of Metals: Easily lose electrons Surface reactive Loss of mass (some corrode easily) Corrosion is a gradual wearing away Change in mechanical properties
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The high strength and resistance to fracture that this class of material can provide, assuming proper processing, gives reliable long-term implant performance in major load-bearing situations. Coupled with a relative ease of fabrication of both simple and complex shapes using well-established and widely available fabrication techniques (casting, forging, machining), this has promoted metal use in the fields of orthopedics and dentistry primarily, the two areas in which highly loaded devices are most common although similar reasons have led to their use for forming cardiovascular devices (artificial heart valves, blood conduits and other components of heart assist devices, vascular stents), and neurovascular implants (aneurysm clips).
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In addition, the good electrical conductivity of metals favors their use for neuromuscular stimulation devices, the most common example being cardiac pacemakers. These favorable properties (good fracture resistance, electrical conductivity, formability) are related to the metallic interatomic bonding that characterizes this class of material.
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Biocompatibility of metals: In metals, biocompatibility involves the acceptance of an artificial implant by the surrounding tissues and by the body as a whole. The metallic implants do not irritate the surrounding structures, do not incite an excessive inflammatory response, do not stimulate allergic and immunologic reactions, and do not cause cancer. Other functional characteristics that are important for metallic device include adequate mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and fatigue properties; and also appropriate density
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STEEL BIOMATERIALS Stainless steel is one of the most frequently used biomaterials for internal fixation device because of a favorable combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, cost effectiveness and easily making a manufacturing. However, Stainless steel is not used as cementless arthroplasty implants due to their low biocompatibility because the stable oxide layer cannot be formed on the surface of stainless steel.
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The corrosion of metallic implant gives adverse effects to the surrounding tissues and to the implant itself. It produces chemical substances that harmful for human organs and deteriorates the mechanical properties of the implant. Therefore, corrosion resistance of a metallic implant is an important aspect of its biocompatibility.
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316L STAINLESS STEEL 316L stainless steel is considered as one of the attractive metallic materials for biomedical applications due to its mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion rcsistance. This inatcrial is popular metal for use as acetabula cup (one half of an artificial hip joint) applications. Highly porous 316L stainless steel parts were produced by using a powder metallurgy proceses, which includes the selective laser sintering(SLS) and traditional sintering. Porous 316L stainless steel suitable for medical applications was fabricated in the porosity range of 40%-50% (volume fraction) by controlling the SLS parameters and sintering behaviour
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The main advantage of porous materials is their ability to provide biological anchorage for the surrounding bony tissue via the ingrowth of mineralized tissue into the pore space acetabula cups
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COBALT ALLOYS Cast cobalt-base alloys were originally proposed for surgical implants over 60 years ago. Improvernents in investment casting technology and a better metallurgical understanding of the cast Co-Cr-Mo system provided the technical justification to consider this alloy type for a variety of biomedical applications. Co-Cr alloys are most commonly used to make artificial joints including knee and hip joints due to high wear-resistance and biocompatibility.Co-Cr alloys have high corrosion resistance. Co-Cr alloy has also been widely used in the manufacture of stent and other surgical implants as Co-Cr alloy demonstrates excellent biocompatibility with blood and soft tissues
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Cobalt-chrome has a very high specific strength and is commonly used in gas turbines, dental implants, and orthopedic implants
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TITANIUM ALLOYS Titanium alloys are now the most attractive metallic materials for biomedical applications. In medicine, they are used for implant devices replacing failed hard tissue. Examples include artificial hip joints, artificial knee joints, bone plates, screws for fracture fixation, cardiac valve prostheses, pacemakers, and artificial hearts. Ti-6Al-4V has long been a main medical titanium alloy. However, for permanent implant applications the alloy has a possible toxic effect resulting from released vanadium and aluminum. For this reason, vanadium- and aluminum-free alloys have been introduced for implant applications, based on the Ti-6Al-4V implants. These new alloys include Ti-6Al-7Nb (ASTM F1295), Ti-13Nb-13Zr (ASTM F1713), and Ti-12Mo-6Zr (ASTM F1813).
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Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Rods Bone Plates cardiac valve prostheses artificial hearts
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IN VITRO – IN VIVO In vitro research is generally referred to as the manipulation of organs, tissues, cells, and biomolecules in a controlled, artificial environment. The characterization and analysis of biomolecules and biological systems in the context of intact organisms is known as in vivo research. In vivo experimental research became widespread with the use microorganisms and animal models in genetic manipulation experiments as well as the use of animal models to study drug toxicity in pharmacology. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches are usually combined to obtain detailed information about structure-function relationships in genes and their protein products, either in cultured cells and test tubes or in the whole organism. http://science.jrank.org/pages/3541/In-Vitro-in-Vivo.html
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MICRO TEST LABORATORIES IN INDUSTRY In- Vivo Services: Rabbit Pyrogen USP Class Testing Sensitization Implantation Sub-Chronic/Chronic Toxicity Intracutaneous Reactivity Irritation Testing Necropsy Services Histology Services In-Vitro Services: Cytotoxicity Hemolysis Complement Activation PT/PTT Testing AMES Mutagenicity Carcinogencity Testing
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DENTAL AMALGAM Dental amalgam is a dental filling material used to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. It has been used for more than 150 years in hundreds of millions of patients around the world. Dental amalgam is created by mixing elemental mercury (between 43 percent and 54 percent) and an alloy powder comprised of mainly silver, copper, tin, and zinc. The mercury in amalgam is used to bind the different components together into a hard, workable substance.
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Dental amalgam fillings are also known as “silver fillings” because of their silver-like appearance. Despite the name, "silver fillings" do contain elemental mercury.
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V.I. Properties Of Amalgam As A Dental Restorative Before a dentist places amalgam, the tooth cavity is first ground down into a particular form with undercuts. This unnatural gouging of the tooth weakens the cusps and creates internal strains. Second, the dentist packs the amalgam paste into the cavity and then carves it into shape before it hardens completely.
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V.II. Why is mercury used in dental amalgam? Approximately half of a dental amalgam filling is liquid mercury and the other half is a powdered alloy of silver, tin, and copper. Mercury is used to bind the alloy particles together into a strong, durable, and solid filling. Mercury’s unique properties (it is a liquid at room temperature and that bonds well with the alloy powder) make it an important component of dental amalgam that contributes to its durability. In its elemental form, mercury can be toxic. This fact has made many people wonder if there are potential health risks associated with the mercury in dental amalgam.
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GOLD Gold and gold alloys are useful metals in terms of; stability, corrosion resistance, odontotherapy (because of its long-lasting). Since gold alloys have more mechanic property than pure gold, it is subjucted to casting process. These alloys consist of %75 or more than %75 gold, the ramaining is comprise of noble metals. Copper increases strength. Platin also increases strenght, but if it add more than %4, due to increasing of melting temperature its process gets diffucult.Due to adding small amounts of zinc, melting temperature getting decrease. Soft alloys which have more than %83 gold uses as a packing meterial. Because alloys which have less gold are rigid, they use as lining material.
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NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS These alloys have the property transformation into their original shape when heated decomposes. This feature is called the shape memory effect. Some biomaterials applications where the shape memory effect is required; dental bridges, connections of blood vessels in the skull, can be listed as muscle and orthopedic prostheses to artificial heart.
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VII.I. Applications of Nickel Titanium Alloys NiTi alloy stent made from wire before insertion into the blood vessel into a flattened wire. After the stent inserted into a vein, into action with body temperature returned to open the blockage in the arteries clogged vessel to its original shape is provided on-site. Stents made from SMA uses to solve the problem of blockage in the veins in the figure.
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VII.I. Applications of Nickel Titanium Alloys Anchor made of NiTi alloy wire prior to insertion into the blood vessel into a flattened wire. These wires are then inserted into a vein to provide returns to its original shape filter function by acting with body temperature and the amount of clot moving through the veins.
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OTHER METALS Platinum and group of rare metals have a high corrosion resistance, but poor mechanical properties. These metals, which stimulates the onset of cardiac beats used as electrode at autonomic centers. Tantalum, which do not have widespread use because of the weakness of the mechanical strength and high density material. The most important application is the use as a suture in plastic surgery.
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TESTING PROCEDURES FOR BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF DENTAL MATERIALS Many different materials have been used in prosthetic treatment throughout dentistry's long history. Currently, in the development of new materials, biological properties have become markedly important, along with physical and mechanical properties. Biocompatibility has been described as the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application. Appropriate host response means no adverse reaction of a living system to the presence of such a material. An adverse reaction may be due to the toxicity of a dental material. Therefore toxicity may be regarded as one reason for non biocompatibility of a dental material. Biocompatibility is an important feature of any material designed for use within the body.
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Biocompatibility is the result of interactions between the material, patient and function, and is an ongoing process. Materials' biocompatibility is evaluated with in vitro tests, animal tests and usage tests. In the evaluation of the biologic effects of dental materials, in vitro testing methods using cell cultures have become more common, and several cell culture methods have been developed to assess the cytotoxicity of dental materials. In vitro tests are simpler than animal and usage tests. These tests, performed under repeatable and controllable conditions and presenting comparable results, give information about a material's first usage. Cell or tissue cultures play an important role because they allow a maximum standardization. Future efforts may be directed toward development of materials biocompability for safety application.
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THE PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM AND IT'S USAGE IN DENTAL PRACTICE The most important reason for their preference in the dental practice of titanium and its alloys is biocompatibility properties. Biocompatibility properties of titanium and its alloys, is due to the superior corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance and the material formed on the surface is a result of passive oxide layer that protects against electrochemical attack. Under normal conditions of titanium also other criteria that determine the biocompatibility of bone osseointegration is excellent and on a similar manner to hydroxyapatite is to allow the formation of a rich layer of calcium phosphate.
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Biocompatibility studies related to the titanium biomaterial made from a variety of many animal experiments and in vitro tests extend to in vivo studies. The local lymph nodes titanium implant material used and the build-up of corrosion products in the internal organs and have been shown to generate galvanic side effects. However, cases of allergic reactions against titanium has also been reported by some investigators. Urban and friends they do in vivo studies in hip / knee replacement bearing on patients, but can be widely distributed in the body of the corrosive product showed that create toxic effects. In vitro studies indicate that the mutagenic and non-toxic titanium.
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Table 1: Mechanical properties of Ti alloys developed for medical applications
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Table 2: Comparison of some characteristics of base metal alloys with Ti Table 3: Elasticity values of teeth, bones, implant materials and dental alloys
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Corrosion resistance, one of the most important properties of metallic biomaterials. Corrosion, distortion of the prosthesis is a serious problem in terms of release of potentially toxic or allergenic fragments from both the denture. Both CPs were both Ti-6Al-4V, as high resistance against corrosion materials, it has a high affinity. High corrosion resistance of titanium, the solid surface consists of approximately 10 nm thick oxide layer (TiO2) is connected. This oxide layer on the titanium acid attack, protect against chemical and thermal influences. Available oxide layer of air and water, even if the game in any way harm it may occur in the presence again. Permanently damage at the oxide layer depends on the presence of factors that are not very high in the mouth.
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REFERENCES Bilim ve Teknik from the http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/bdergi/yeniufuk/icerik/biyomalzemeler.pdf,25 March , 2016 Biocompatibility Testing & Dental Toxicity from the http://www.biocomplaboratories.com/biocompatibility-Testing-Dental-Toxicity.html, 02 April,2016 Mikro ark oksidasyon işlemi uygulanmış Tİ6AL4V alaşımlarının in-vivo biyouyumluluk özelliklerinin incelenmesi, 03 April,2016 Testing Procedures for Biocompatibility of Dental Materials pdf Da Silva L, Martinez A, Rilo B, Santana U. Titanium for removable denture bases. J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27:131–135. Oh K-T, Shim H-M, Kim K-N. Properties of Titanium–Silver Alloys for Dental Application. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2005; 74B: 649-659. http://www.mmo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/73d8f0f203ad164_ek.pdf?dergi=944
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Thank you for your attention ☻