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Slide 1-

LABORATORY ERGONOMICS ABC Company
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TODAY’S TRAINING Define Ergonomics Anatomy & Physiology Risk Factors in the Laboratory Injury Prevention Laboratory Demonstration
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Employee Health & Safety Employee Awareness Injury Prevention Regulatory Compliance THE GOAL OF ERGONOMICS
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Because… “Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are the single largest job-related injury and illness problem in the United States.” – Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) November 14, 2000 WHY ERGONOMICS? Worker’s compensation claims from ergonomic injuries represent an estimated $20 billion a year in lost-time compensation costs alone. Total costs are estimated to be $120 billion annually when lost productivity and other indirect costs are considered. - Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, "A Manual for the Identification, Evaluation and Control of Ergonomic Hazards in the Laboratory," 1998, p.1
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CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS (CTDs) Injuries that occur over a period of time Disorders of the muscle-tendon unit, peripheral nerves or vascular system Caused, precipitated and/ or aggravated by repeated and sustained exertions or motion of body parts, particularly the hands, wrists, elbows, arms, shoulders, neck and back Synonymous Terms Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMI) Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
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CTD RISK FACTORS Improper Equipment - Furniture and tools not suited to the task or the individual. Examples: Poor condition Improper placement Incorrect use Incorrectly installed/sized/adjusted Manual rather than powered equipment for large tasks Repetition - Repeated performance of tasks in a time period that not allowing for full physical recovery. Examples: Pipetting Microscopy Cryostat
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CTD RISK FACTORS Muscle Strain/ Fatigue - Pain/stiffness in muscle tissue, often in Arm neck Back Eye Strain Blurred vision Eye pain Headaches
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ELEVATED RISK FACTORS FOR LABORATORY PERSONNEL USING PIPETTES Resulting in: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Tendonitis Trigger Finger Tension Neck Syndrome Others Risk factors: Repetition Force Contact Stress Posture PIPETTING IS THE #1 CAUSE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN THE LABORATORY
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FORCE FROM PIPETTING A complete pipetting cycle consists of several activities totaling a minimum of 16 kg of force (35 lb) 1 Aspiration (3 kgf *) Delivery (4 kgf) Tip Mounting and Ejection (9 kgf) (Greater insertion forces result in higher ejection forces! ) Grip - For a pipette without a fingerhook, the force used to grip a pipette must be greater than any force exerted on the pipette, otherwise the pipette would move or fall from the hand. Additional Factors - A number of other factors are frequently present (such as poor lighting, stress, inadequate sleep, etc.), further elevating the risk of injury. * kgf = Kilograms of force Pipetting 1000 times in a day, exerts over 35,000 lb of force using just the thumb! 1. Rainin, Pipetting, Ergonomics, and You. 2001.
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Study of 128 Laboratory Workers1 44% reported hand problems 58% reported shoulder problems 44% reported neck problems Pipetting Study2 Significant increases in hand & elbow injuries among pipette users National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health3 “a biomechanical hazard exists from exposure to pipetting operations . . . “ 1. MG Bjorksten et al, 1994 2. G. David, P. Buckle, 1996 3. NIOSH 1995 INJURIES FROM PIPETTING
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SYMPTOMS OF CTDs Tingling sensation in fingers and hands Decreased mobility of the fingers, hands, elbows or shoulders Dull, aching discomfort or pain Decreased hand strength Numbness Pain at night/ sleep disruption Twitching, cysts in the hands and arms
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COMMON ERGONOMIC INJURIES Nerve Compression Can cause pain, numbness, and tingling. Examples include: Carpal tunnel syndrome (wrist) Ulnar neuritis (elbow/wrist) Pronator syndrome (forearm)
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Tendonitis – Inflammation and pain in the tissue that connects muscle to bone. Types include: Tenosynovitis (thumb) Lateral/medial epicondylitis (elbow) Lateral Epicondylitis Dequervains Tenosynovitis COMMON ERGONOMIC INJURIES
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PIPETTES USED AT ABC comp. Electronic Serological Electronic Single Channel Manual Multi-Channel Manual Single Channel
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“Clenched Fist” Increases stress, reducing available hand strength & productivity ALTERNATE DESIGN Loose, Relaxed Increases hand strength , endurance, and productivity WHAT DOES THE TYPE OF PIPETTE MEAN? Over-rotated Rotation exceeds 90º, causing stress to the wrist, hand and elbow Neutral, Relaxed Wrist remains in a neutral range of motion throughout all pipetting operations
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“Winged Elbow” Arm/hand elevation exceeding 12” causes stress to the neck and shoulder Elbow Close to Body Arm elevation remains low, minimizing stress to elbow, shoulder and neck WHAT DOES THE TYPE OF PIPETTE MEAN? ALTERNATE DESIGN Energy Transfer Button Releases the tip with minimal effort Manual Thumb Plunger Greater force required
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AVOIDING RISKS FROM PIPETTING Rotate pipetting tasks among several people. Take short micro pauses of a few seconds, when you can't take a longer break. Use only the force necessary to operate the pipetter. Choose pipetters requiring the least pressure. Work with arms close to the body to reduce strain on shoulders.
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Keep head and shoulders in a neutral position (bent forward no more than 30 degrees). Don't elevate your arm without support for lengthy periods. Use shorter pipettes. This decreases arm and hand elevation and consequent awkward postures. Use low profile waste receptacles for used tips. They should be no higher than the top of the tubes being filled. AVOIDING RISKS FROM PIPETTING
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RISKY BUSINESS? Posture and positioning are as important as the tools we choose to use.
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OTHER ERGONOMIC RISKS IN THE LABORATORY Microscopy Cryostats Biosafety Cabinets Eye Strain Micro- manipulation
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RISK FACTORS OF MICROSCOPY
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AVOIDING RISKS FROM MICROSCOPY
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Make Space for Legs Under the Lab Bench AVOIDING RISKS IN THE LAB
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AVOIDING RISKS IN THE LAB Avoid contact with hard edges Avoid extending arms, keeping them close to the body Padded supports help reduce contact stress
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RISK FACTORS OF THE CRYOSTAT
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AVOIDING RISKS FROM USING THE CRYOSTAT
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RISK FACTORS OF BIOSAFETY CABINETS Awkward and static posture and positioning Constrained body position Overreaching Contact pressure Constrained knee & leg space Working with winged elbows
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AVOIDING RISKS FROM BIOSAFETY CABINETS Place materials as close as possible Apply foam padding to the front sharp edge Use only adjustable chair or stool Take short breaks to alter repetitive forearm and wrist motions Raise cabinet upwards for more comfortable leg and thigh clearance.
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THE LAB STOOL Limiting Factors Foot Ring Back rest range of motion Size of seat pan Risk Factors associated with the lab stool are similar with any other chair.
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RISK FACTORS OF EYE STRAIN Eye Strain can result from: Improper lighting Glare Eyewear Viewing angle and distance Uninterrupted focus on the screen VDT and document holder location Dust on screen
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INJURY PREVENTION Take care of your body! Incorporate exercise into your daily regimen. Stretch before and during the work day! “…the more flexible you are, the harder it is for pain & tension to lodge in your body.” Erich Schiffmann
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STRETCHING EXERCISES Hand & Wrist Exercises Both hands behind back, one over the shoulder, the other from behind the back, try to link hands. Change sides. Sitting hands joined and extended above head, relax the head and gently bend to the left and right, keeping the body straight
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HELPFUL WEBSITES http://www.lni.wa.gov/IPUB/417-133-000.pdf WISHA document, really fabulous http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ergonomics/ CDC/ NIOSH main ergo web page http://www.3m.com/us/office/myworkspace/workspace_eval.jhtml 3M workstation evaluation http://3m.com/cws/selfhelp/compeqip.html 3M workstation guidelines
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ABC company ERGONOMIC INCIDENCE RATES Average injury rate in related industries = 4 injuries/ 100 employees ’01 143 FTE 11 x 200,000 1/ 286,000 7.7 injuries 100 employees ’02109 FTE 4 x 200,000/ 218,000 3.7 ’03102 FTE 5 x 200,000/ 204,000 4.9 ’0460 FTE 3 x 200,000/ 102,000 5.0 1 200,000 hours is the number of hours worked by 100 employees @ 40 hr./ week and 50 weeks/ yr