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Fractures-Types Complications and Management PowerPoint Presentation

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This medical PowerPoint presentation is about fractures which refer to a break or crack in a bone. They can range in severity from a hairline fracture to a complete break that causes the bone to be completely separated. Fractures can occur from trauma, overuse injuries, or underlying medical conditions that weaken the bone. This presentation discusses the types, complications, and management of fractures.

Types of Fractures:

Open (compound) fracture: The broken bone protrudes through the skin, creating an open wound.
Closed (simple) fracture: The broken bone remains beneath the skin, and there is no open wound.
Complete fracture: The bone is broken all the way through.
Incomplete fracture: The bone is only partially broken.
Greenstick fracture: A partial break in a bone that occurs most commonly in children.
Comminuted fracture: A fracture in which the bone is broken into several pieces.
Stress fracture: A hairline crack in the bone, usually caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

Complications of Fractures:

Infection: Open fractures increase the risk of infection.
Nerve and blood vessel damage: The bone fragments can damage nerves and blood vessels, leading to numbness, tingling, and decreased blood flow.
Delayed healing or non-union: Some fractures take longer to heal, and in some cases, the bones may not heal at all.
Mal-union: If the bones heal in an incorrect position, it can cause deformity or decreased range of motion.

Management of Fractures:

Immobilization: Most fractures require immobilization to allow the bone to heal properly. This can include the use of a cast, brace, or splint.
Medications: Pain relief medications, such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or opioids, may be prescribed to manage pain.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the bones or stabilize the fracture.
Rehabilitation: After the immobilization period, physical therapy may be needed to help restore strength, flexibility, and range of motion.
Prevention: It is important to take steps to prevent fractures by maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding high-risk activities.

Tags : fractures, Open fracture, Closed fracture, Complete fracture, Greenstick fracture, Comminuted fracture, Stress fracture, Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 4493 | Downloads : 13

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Slide 1-

RAD 422 Fractures Types, Complications, and management Lecture .4
Slide 2-

Define term the term fracture, dislocation and Subluxation Identify the general causes, signs , symptoms of fractures Classify the different types of fractures Discus the general principles of the management of fractures Describe the role of radiography in the management of fractures Explain the process of fracture healing State the local and general complications of fractures Learning Objectives With the end of the lecture the student should be able to:-
Slide 3-

Text book of radiographic positioning and related anatomy; by Kenneth L.Bontrager,5th edition M.A.Seraj , The new manual of basic emergency procedures, first aid and updated CPR. Useful websites References http://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htm http://www.gentili.net/fracturemain.asp
Slide 4-

What is fracture(#)? common causes of fractures: Fall from a height car accidents Direct blow Repetitive forces Pathology Signs and Symptoms Swelling or tenderness pain Numbness Bleeding Broken skin with bone protruding Limitation or unwillingness to move a limb a break in the continuity of a bone or cartilage.
Slide 5-

Closed fracture: A closed fracture is one where the fracture hematoma does not communicate with the outside Open fracture: This is one where the fracture hematoma communicates with the outside through an open wound. 1/ Traumatic Fracture Types Stress fracture : It is a fracture occurring at a site in the bone subject to repeated minor stresses over a period of time. Birth fracture: It is a fracture in the new born children due to injury during delivery.
Slide 6-

2/ Pathological It is a fracture occurring after a trivial violence in a bone weakened by some pathological lesion. This lesion may be : - Localized disorder (e.g. secondary malignant deposit) - Generalized disorder (e.g. osteoporosis). Fracture Types
Slide 7-

Transverse Fracture A fracture in which the # line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone . Oblique Fracture A fracture in which the # line is at oblique angle to the long axis of the bone. According to the Path of the # Line Fracture Types
Slide 8-

Spiral Fracture A severe form of oblique fracture in which the # plane rotates along the long axis of the bone. These #s occur secondary to rotational force. Longitudinal Fracture A fracture in which the # line runs nearly parallel to the long axis of the bone. A longitudinal fracture can be considered a long oblique fracture. According to the Path of the # Line Fracture Types
Slide 9-

Anatomical classification of fractures Fractures Comminuted # : The bone is broken into than two fragments. Stellate fracture: This # occurs in the flat bones of the skull and in the patella, where the fracture lines run in various directions from one point.
Slide 10-

Anatomical classification of fractures Impacted fracture: This # where a vertical force drives the distal fragment of the fracture into the proximal fragment. Fracture Types Depressed fracture: This # occurs in the skull where a segment of bone gets depressed into the cranium.
Slide 11-

Avulsion fracture: This is one, where a chip of bone is avulsed by the sudden and unexpected contraction of a powerful muscle from its point of insertion, Examples 1. The supra spinatus muscle avulsing the greater tuberosity of the humerus. 2. Avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity Fracture Types Anatomical classification of fractures
Slide 12-

Fracture Types Simple little or no bone displacement Compound fracture ruptures the skin & bone protrudes Green stick occurs mostly in children whose bones have not calcified or hardened Transverse crack perpendicular to long axis of the bone - displacement may occur Oblique diagonal crack across the long axis of the bone Spiral diagonal crack involving a "twisting" of the bone about the longitudinal axis Comminuted "crushing" fracture - more common in elderly Impacted one end of bone is driven up into the other Depressed broken bone is pressed inward (skull fracture) Avulsion fragment of bone is pulled away by tendon Summary
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Slide 14-

Other Terms used in describing fracture Greenstick is the fracture in the young bone of children where the break is incomplete, leaving one cortex intact . Plastic - Bowing fracture in children without disruption of cortex. Distraction Is a separation of fragments that have been pulled apart. Greenstick # Distraction #
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1.Position - changed or unchanged Terms used in fracture follow-up .2. Healing -central or peripheral bony bridging
Slide 16-

Delayed union - the healing process is slower than normal. Non-union - the healing stopped before union occurred. Malunion - the fracture healed in unacceptable position. Terms used in fracture follow-up
Slide 17-

Fractures management and healing
Slide 18-

Principles of Management: Aims : (A)- safe life (B)-save the limb (C)-save the function Efficient First Aid: This relieves the pain and prevents complications. Safe transport: This help to minimize complications in injures to the spine, fracture of the lower limbs, ribs etc (all fractures should be immobilized immediately ) . Assessment of condition of the patients for shock & other injuries. Assessment of local condition of the injured limb regarding complications like vascular injury, nerve involvement and injury to neighboring joints . Resuscitation. If needed Radiography of the part X-ray before plaster AP & LAT( to determine site and degree of displacement) Post Reduction films ( wet plaster) for insurance of good alignment Follow up films to assess healing Films Before removal of plaster to confirm complete healing 7. Reduction of the fracture(correction of displacement of fragments and done by : closed Manipulation open reduction
Slide 19-

8. Immobilization of the fragments. External fixation Cast (plaster) Internal fixation Screws Plates intramedullary nails and rod wires & pins Principles of Management:
Slide 20-

9. Early physiotherapy : for the preservation of function of the limb (local complication such as ischemia ,nerve damage ,joint stiffness ,infection ..etc may endanger the function of the limb. 10. Rehabilitation : After union of the fracture to restore full muscle power and joint movements and to make the patient fit for his original job.NOTE: Fractures are treated by reduction (realignment) &immediate immobilization In most cases, simple fractures heal completely in approximately 6 - 8 weeks Compound # better to deal with it within6hrs of injury to avoid infection The accurate diagnosis of the fracture (site ,lines and displacement ) is made from X- ray examination. Tow projections is required AP or PA +lateral or oblique Tow joints above and below the site of the # should be included in the radiographs Tow limbs radiographs for comparison of value in children.
Slide 21-

FRACTURE HEALING Fracture healing is considered as a series of phases which occur in sequence as follows: (I) Inflammatory Phase. Stage or hematoma formation. Stage of granulation tissue. (more fibrin to the hematoma and increase blood flow (II) Reparative Phase. (A) Stage of fibro cartilaginous callus. (B) Stage of bony callus (woven bone become calcified)). (III) Remodeling Phase. Excess material inside bone shaft is replaced by more compact bone
Slide 22-

Factors Affecting Bone Healing
Slide 23-

Fracture - Complications At time of injury (Immediate) Haemorrhage Damage to important internal structures (brain ,heart..) Skin loss ,Shock ,Nerve damage Later Complications
Slide 24-

What is Dislocation? Joints Dislocation Is the total displacement of the articular end of a bone from the joint cavity. Subluxation : Is an incomplete displacement. Reduction : Is the restoration of the normal alignment of the bones. Classification: Dislocations are classified as follows: Congenital Traumatic Pathological Paralytic
Slide 25-

PIPJ Subluxation Elbow joint Dislocation. Dislocation & Subluxation (Sample Radiographs)
Slide 26-

Q U E S T I O N S ? Thank you