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DNA RNA Amino Acids Proteins and Genes PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Genetics, which is titled "DNA, RNA, Amino Acids, Proteins, and Genes!", to learn about DNA, RNA, Amino Acids, Proteins, and Genes.

Tags : Genetics, DNA, RNA, Amino Acids, Proteins, Genes

Published on : Aug 29, 2021 | Views : 1497 | Downloads : 5

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Slide 1-

DNA, RNA, Amino Acids, Proteins, and Genes!
Slide 2-

DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides DNA Figure 10.2A Nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone DNA nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose)
Slide 3-

DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G Figure 10.2B Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Slide 4-

RNA is also a nucleic acid different sugar Uracil instead of Thymine Single strand Figure 10.2C, D Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) Uracil (U) Sugar (ribose)
Slide 5-

James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the three-dimensional structure of DNA, based on work by Rosalind Franklin DNA is a double-stranded helix Figure 10.3A, B
Slide 6-

Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the strands together: A and T, C and G Figure 10.3D Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model Hydrogen bond
Slide 7-

Untwisting and replication of DNA each strand is a template for a new strand Figure 10.4B
Slide 8-

The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into a protein Figure 10.6A DNA RNA Protein TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION The information constituting an organism’s genotype is carried in its sequence of bases
Slide 9-

RNA transcripts of DNA
Slide 10-

The “words” of the DNA “language” are three bases in a row called codons The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a protein Translation of nucleic acids into amino acids
Slide 11-

Figure 10.7 DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 DNA strand TRANSCRIPTION RNA Polypeptide TRANSLATION Codon Amino acid
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U C A G U C A G G A C U G A C U G A C U G A C U UUU UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AUU AUC AUA AUG GUU GUC GUA GUG phe leu leu ile met (start) val UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG ser pro thr ala UAU UAC UAA UAG CAU CAC CAA CAG AAU AAC AAG AAA GAU GAC GAA GAG tyr stop stop his gln asn lys asp glu UGU UGC UGA UGG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG cys stop trp arg ser arg gly First Base Third Base Second Base Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code “unity of life”
Slide 13-

An exercise in translating the genetic code Figure 10.8B Start codon RNA Transcribed strand Stop codon Translation Transcription DNA Polypeptide
Slide 14-

In the cytoplasm, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA and translates its message into a polypeptide The process is aided by transfer RNAs Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation Figure 10.11A Hydrogen bond Amino acid attachment site RNA polynucleotide chain Anticodon
Slide 15-

Ribosomes build proteins Figure 10.12A-C Codons tRNA molecules mRNA Growing polypeptide Large subunit Small subunit mRNA mRNA binding site P site A site P A Growing polypeptide tRNA Next amino acid to be added to polypeptide
Slide 16-

mRNA, a specific tRNA, and the ribosome subunits assemble during initiation Figure 10.13B 1 Initiator tRNA mRNA Start codon Small ribosomal subunit 2 P site Large ribosomal subunit A site
Slide 17-

The mRNA moves a codon at a time relative to the ribosome A tRNA pairs with each codon, adding an amino acid to the growing polypeptide A STOP codon causes the mRNA-ribosome complex to fall apart Elongation
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Figure 10.14 1 Codon recognition Amino acid Anticodon A site P site Polypeptide 2 Peptide bond formation 3 Translocation New peptide bond mRNA movement mRNA Stop codon
Slide 19-

Table 14.2 Types of RNA Type of RNA Functions in Function Messenger RNA (mRNA) Nucleus, migrates to ribosomes in cytoplasm Carries DNA sequence information to ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) Cytoplasm Provides linkage between mRNA and amino acids; transfers amino acids to ribosomes Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Cytoplasm Structural component of ribosomes
Slide 20-

The sequence of codons in DNA spells out the primary structure of a polypeptide Polypeptides form proteins that cells and organisms use Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNARNAprotein
Slide 21-

Mutations are changes in the DNA base sequence caused by errors in DNA replication or by mutagens change of a single DNA nucleotide causes sickle-cell disease Mutations can change the meaning of genes
Slide 22-

Figure 10.16A Normal hemoglobin DNA mRNA Normal hemoglobin Glu Mutant hemoglobin DNA mRNA Sickle-cell hemoglobin Val
Slide 23-

Types of mutations Figure 10.16B mRNA NORMAL GENE BASE SUBSTITUTION BASE DELETION Protein Met Lys Phe Gly Ala Met Lys Phe Ser Ala Met Lys Leu Ala His Missing
Slide 24-

Figure 8.23A, B Deletion Duplication Inversion Homologous chromosomes Reciprocal translocation Nonhomologous chromosomes Chromosomal changes can be large or small
Slide 25-

Summary of transcription and translation Figure 10.15 1 Stage mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template. Anticodon DNA mRNA RNA polymerase TRANSLATION Enzyme Amino acid tRNA Initiator tRNA Large ribosomal subunit Small ribosomal subunit mRNA Start Codon 2 Stage Each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP. 3 Stage Initiation of polypeptide synthesis The mRNA, the first tRNA, and the ribosomal subunits come together. TRANSCRIPTION
Slide 26-

Figure 10.15 (continued) 4 Stage Elongation Growing polypeptide Codons 5 Stage Termination mRNA New peptide bond forming Stop Codon The ribosome recognizes a stop codon. The poly-peptide is terminated and released. A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome, one codon at a time. Polypeptide