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Dialysis PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Dialysis” by Dr.Methak J.H.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about dialysis, a medical treatment that helps to perform some of the functions of the kidneys when they are not working properly. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluid from the blood, but in some cases, such as with kidney failure, they may not be able to do this effectively. Dialysis helps to remove waste and excess fluids from the blood by filtering it through a special machine.

There are two main types of dialysis-hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis involves the use of an external machine that filters the blood through a membrane, while peritoneal dialysis involves the use of a catheter and a special fluid that is introduced into the abdominal cavity to help remove waste and excess fluid from the body.

Dialysis is typically used as a treatment for people with end-stage kidney disease, but it may also be used in other situations where the kidneys are not functioning properly, such as in cases of acute kidney injury or poisoning. Dialysis can help to prolong the life of people with kidney failure, but it is not a cure and may require ongoing treatment for the rest of their lives.

Tags : Dialysis, kidneys, kidney failure, hemodialysis dialysis, peritoneal dialysis, Nephrology, Nephrology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 07, 2023 | Views : 1360 | Downloads : 2

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Bioseparation Lab 5 Dialysis Dr.Methak J.H.
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Dialysis is a separation technique that facilitates the removal of small, unwanted compounds from macromolecules in solution by selective and passive diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. Dialysis
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Mechanism Dialysis: Dialysis works by diffusion, a process that results from the thermal, random movement of molecules in solution. Sample molecules that are larger than the membrane-pores are retained on the sample side of the membrane, but small molecules and buffer salts pass freely through the membrane, reducing the concentration of those molecules in the sample .
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Mechanism Dialysis At the end, diffusion of small molecules leads to the net movement from areas of higher to lower concentration, until an equilibrium is reached. The total volume of sample and dialysate determine the final equilibrium concentration of the small molecules on both sides of the membrane. By using the appropriate volume of dialysate and multiple exchanges of the buffer, the concentration of small contaminants within the sample can be decreased to acceptable or negligible levels.
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The efficiency of dialysis largely depends on the difference between the volumes of the inside (sample, V1) and outside (buffer, V2) liquid spaces. This is why we generally seek to use as large volume (V2) of the dialysate as possible. However, the efficiency of dialysis can be further increased by performing multistep dialysis by exchanging the outer solution after the equilibrium has been reached. In this case, the attainable dilution of the inside solution will be (n: number of steps) : [V1/(V1+V2)]n.
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Mechanism Dialysis For example, when dialyzing 1mL of sample against 200mL of dialysate, the concentration of unwanted dialyzable substances will be decreased 200-fold when equilibrium is attained. Following two additional buffer changes of 200mL each, the contaminant level in the sample will be reduced by a factor of 8 x 106 (200 x 200 x 200).
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Applications of the dialysis: Most of these applications occur on the laboratory scale, because on industrial scale the removal of salts can be done more rapidly via diafiltration .However, Dialysis is used for a wide variety of applications: desalting, buffer exchange, removal of labeling reagents, drug binding studies, cell growth and feeding, virus purification, and blood treatment.
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Typically, a sample and a buffer solution (called the dialysate) are placed on opposite sides of a dialysis membrane which contains pores of a manufactured size-range. Sample molecules that are larger than the pores are retained on the sample side of the membrane, but small molecules pass through the membrane, reducing the concentration of those molecules in the sample
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Factors Affecting Dialysis Rate: Factors that affect the completeness of dialysis include: 1. dialysis buffer volume. 2. Buffer composition. 3.The number of buffer changes. 4.Time. 5.Temperature. 6. Particle size vs. pore size. Substances that are very much smaller than the pore size will reach equilibrium faster than substances that are only slightly smaller than the pores.
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Advantages of dialysis: • Simple, easy & quick set-up • Inexpensive & disposable • Very gentle separation (no pressure or shear stress) • Doesn’t require monitoring • Dissolved solutes remain in solution • Solutes are unaltered or damaged • Maintains macromolecule concentration • Purify low MW solutes • Total product recovery
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Disadvantages of dialysis 1. Very slow (1 – 2 days) 2. Molecules should be 100 X size difference
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Dialysis is performed with semipermeable membranes. The average or maximum pore sizes of a dialysis membrane determines what size molecules can diffuse across it, which defines its molecular weight cutoff (MWCO). The MWCO describes the molecular weight at which a compound will be 90% retained following overnight (17-hour) dialysis. The MWCO is determined by testing many different proteins of known molecular weight. In general, these MWCO apply to globular molecules, such as most proteins. Molecular weight cutoff
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Molecular weight cutoff More linear proteins may be able to pass through the pores, even though their molecular weight exceeds the stated MWCO. To compensate for this, choose a dialysis device with a smaller MWCO. For DNA or RNA, a MWCO no greater than one-third the MW should be used in order to prevent excessive sample loss. Thus, a dialysis membrane with a 10000 MWCO will generally retain proteins having a molecular mass of at least 10 kDa.
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Molecular weight cutoff The MWCO should be chosen as high as possible in order to maximize the dialysis rate . The limited use of dialysis as a filtration method is not because of the cost of membranes. Dialysis membranes are produced and characterized according to molecular-weight cutoff (MWCO) limits. While membranes with MWCOs ranging from 1-1,000,000 kDa are commercially available, membranes with MWCOs near 10 kDa are most commonly used.
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Dialysis Products Use membranes that contain convoluted pores, not the tube-like pores often found in traditional dialysis tubing. Convoluted pores allow small molecules to pass through the twists and turns of the pores with greater ease than do larger molecules. The greater the difference in molecular weight of the unwanted molecule vs. the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the pore size, the greater the rate of dialysis.
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Dialysis Products The most common membranes are made of cellulose and are used once because of the high hygiene standards of the usual applications. Membranes have a tendency to contamination and are usually too thin to resist cleaning or high pressure. Because of these characteristics, it is likely not the proper filtration method to upgrade.
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General Protocol of dialysis A typical dialysis procedure for protein samples is as follows: Prepare the membrane according to instructions. Load the sample into dialysis tubing, cassette or device Dialysis Buffer Exchange. Typically, dialysis is conducted using 10X the volume of the buffer outside the bag as that inside the bag. Also, the buffer is changed after several hours. This ensures the complete exchange of buffers. Sometimes the volume of the sample increases substantially from the influx of buffer. If this happens, the sample can be concentrated using concentrators or centrifuge filters.
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General Protocol of dialysis A typical dialysis procedure for protein samples is as follows: 1.Prepare the membrane according to instructions. 2.Load the sample into dialysis tubing, cassette or device. 3.Place sample into an external chamber of dialysis buffer (with gentle stirring of the buffer). 4.Dialyze for 2 hours (at room temperature or 4 °C). 5.Change the dialysis buffer and dialyze for another 2 hours. 6.Change the dialysis buffer and dialyze for 2 hours or overnight.
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Dialysis tubing Dialysis tubing, also known as Visking tubing, is a type of semi-permeable membrane tubing used in separation techniques, that facilitates the removal or exchange of small molecules from macromolecules in solution based on differential diffusion. In the context of life science research, dialysis tubing is typically used in the sample clean-up and processing of proteins and DNA samples or complex biological samples such as blood or serums.
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