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Developmental and Behavioral pediatrics PowerPoint Presentation

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Published on : Aug 02, 2021 | Views : 2141 | Downloads : 6

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Developmental and Behavioral pediatrics Sadam Group-13
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Knowledge of the normal growth and development of children is essential for preventing and detecting disease. “Growth” – increase in the size of the body or in its separate parts. “Development”- process of changes in function, which is influenced by the emotional and social environments. One of the goals of Pediatrics is to help each child achieve his/her individual potential for growth and development and become a mature adult.
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The term – ‘child development’ is used to describe the skills acquired by children. Normal development in first years of life is monitored: by parents; at regular child health surveillance checks The main objective of assessing a young child’s development is the early detection of delayed or abnormal development.
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Fields of Development Gross motor Vision and fine motor Hearing, speech and language (cognitive development) Social, emotional and behavioral (psychological development)
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Analysis of Developmental Progress The more intense colour bands reflect the age at which particularly rapid progress occurse. Dotted lines represent more subtle progress.
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Developmental screening and assessment Screening – checks of whole populations or groups of children at set ages by trained professionals. Assessment – detailed analysis of overall development or specific areas of development
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Motor development – ability of child to do any actions by using muscles of different groups. Motor development includes gross and fine motor skills. Gross development skills – ability of child to control large muscles (head, sit, walk, etc.) Fine developmental skills – ability of child to control small muscles (fingers, eyes, etc).
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Factors Affecting Child’s Motor Development Congenital diseases Acquired diseases Nutrition Environment (Stimulation of Physical activity relevant to age) Prematurity / twins
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Assessment of Motor development For assessing motor development muscle tonus, passive and active movements and tendon reflexes are assessed. Active movement is assessed according to the action of a child, how he sits, walks, stands up, takes toys in hand, etc.
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Cognitive development – development of cognition – ability of a child concept, analyze, remember, make decision and solve the problem. Speech development indicates cognitive development in early childhood. Developmental milestones – the term is to describe the achievements in any field of development relevant to child’s age. Global inhibition of development – is a state when child (less than 5 years old) is delayed simultaneously in 2 or more spheres. After 5 years is used the term – mental retardation (delayed IQ ).
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Developmental milestones
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Pattern of child development When analyzing a young child development: Consider the child’s age and then concentrate your questions on the areas of likely maximum developmental progress Offer the child suitable toys to find out about his skills Observe how the child uses the toys and interact with people. For assessment the child development there are several instruments recommended: Denver II Developmental Screening test, Baily’s Infant Development Scale for assessment child neurodevelopment, Parents' Evaluations of Developmental Status (PEDS), Pediatric Symptom Checklist, Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) etc.
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Developmental Screening If child can’t do the milestone relevant to the age it is necessary to assess the existence of the danger signs. Danger sign – Disability of a child to make any action in the given age limit In case of revealing danger sign - deeply examination of a child and an urgent referral to a specialist is recommended.
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Emotional and Social development Emotional development – ability of a child to express adequate emotions. Social development – ability of a child to make close contact with people and environment. Factors influencing emotional and social development – Adequate feeding (food rich with vitamins and microelements) Congenital (genetic diseases, birth trauma), or gained diseases (CNS infections, haematoma) Appropriate stimulation
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Hearing
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Summary regarding hearing Early detection and treatment of hearing impairment improves the outcome of speech and language and behaviour Newborn hearing screening is performed for the early identification of hearing impairment If there is parental concern about hearing, further assessment is warranted.
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Hearing checklist for parents Shortly after birth –startles and blinks at a sudden noise (slamming of door) By 1 month – Notices sudden prolonged sounds (e.g. a vacuum cleaner) and listens when they begin By 4 months – Quietens or smiles to the sound of your voice even when he cannot see you. By 7 months – Turns immediately to your voice By 9 months – Listens attentively to familiar everyday sounds and searches for very quiet sounds maid out of site By 12 months – Shows some response to his own name and to other familiar words. May respond when you say ‘no’.
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Vision Testing Newborn – Face fixation and following 6 weeks – Optokinetic nystagmus (normal) demonstrated on looking at a moving target 6 months – Reaches well for toys 2 years – Can identify pictures of reducing size 3 years – Latter matching using single letters charts onwards 5 years – Can identify a line of letters on a long chart onwards
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Summary regarding vision Term newborn infant can fix and follow horizontally and prefer to watch faces Visual acuity is poor in newborn but increases to adult levels by 3 years of age. Vision screening is performed in preschool children or at school entry
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Influence of heredity and environment Heredity determines the potential of the child Environment influences the extent to which that potential is achieved.
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Environment Development can be impaired if the environment fails to meet the child’s physical or psychological needs.