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Cases in Pediatric Radiology PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Radiology and Imaging, which is titled "Cases in Pediatric Radiology", to get an overview of imaging, imaging statistics, evolving guidelines, and clinical cases.

Tags : Radiology, Imaging, Cases, Pediatric Radiology, statistics, evolving guidelines, clinical cases

Published on : Jul 28, 2021 | Views : 2914 | Downloads : 9

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Cases in Pediatric Radiology Brian Wells, MSM, MPH
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Our Agenda Four points Overview of imaging Imaging statistics Evolving guidelines Clinical cases
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Introduction and Statistics Exciting, evolving aspect of pediatrics In the United States in 2006: 377 million diagnostic and interventional radiology exams 18 million nuclear medicine exams Usage in the U.S. alone accounted for: ~12% of the world’s radiologic procedures ~50% of the world’s nuclear medicine procedures Radiologic and Nuclear Medicine Studies in the United States and Worldwide: Frequency, Radiation Dose and Comparison with other Radiation Sources 1950-2007. Metler, FA ea al.
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Evolving guidlines Unique from adult Society of Nuclear Medicine and the Society for Pediatric Radiology have expanded their pediatric radiation protection initiative by standardizing doses (based on body weight) for 11 nuclear medicine procedures commonly performed in children. “Children may be more sensitive to radiation from medical imaging scans than adults. A radiopharmaceutical dose which is too low may risk poor diagnostic image quality. Doses too high may expose the child to unnecessary radiation exposure without benefit” ”Child-size” the amount of radiopharmaceutical used by following the new guidelines *Treves ST, Davis RT, Fahey FH. Administered radiopharmaceutical doses in children: a survey of 13 pediatric hospitals in North America. J Nucl Med 2008; 49(6):1024-7.
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Average Exposure Amounts by Procedure 1 rad = 0.01 gray (Gy) = 0.01 Sievert (Sv) = 1 rem (roentgen-equivalent man) and 0.001 rad = 1 mrad = 0.01 mGy
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Case 1 12 year old male with bicuspid aortic valve Diagnosis?
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Aortic coarctation M:F – 2-3:1 5% - 8% of all congenital heart defects Bicuspid aortic valve seen in 75%-80% of cases Two types Infantile (pre-ductal) and adult (post-ductal) Infantile characterized by diffuse hypoplasia or narrowing of the aorta from just distal to brachiocephalic artery to level of ductus arteriosus, typically with discrete area of constriction just proximal to the ductus but distal to the origin of the subclavian artery. Adult – short segment abrupt stenosis of the post-ductal aorta due to thickening of the aortic media, typically just distal to the ligamentum arteriosum
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Aortic coarctation Frequently associated with other congenital defects 15%-20% of girls with Turner syndrome VSD Cyanotic congenital lesions (truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great vessels Mitral valve defects Various syndromes All angiography capable of deliniating the coarctation and collaterals (CTA / MRA / DSA) Treatment with excision and end-to-end anastomosis or balloon angioplasty.
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Case 2 3 year old with coronal and sagittal synostosis Diagnosis?
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Copper beaten skull Prominence of convolutional markings adjacent to underlying gyri Caused by raised ICP from any cause, e.g. craniosynostosis, obstructive hydrocephalus, intracranial masses, etc. Convolutional marking are similar in appearance but a normal finding – These are shallower and usually confined to the posterior skull Luckenschadel skull
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Case 3 12 year old male child with fever, expectoration, SOB, poor growth and poor weight gain despite a normal food intake. Diagnosis?
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Cystic fibrosis AR disease affecting exocrine function of lungs, liver, pancreas and small bowel (CFTR gene on 7q31.2) Most common genetic disease affecting European population 1 in 2000 to 3500 live births Pulmonary manifestations are among the best known Clinical presentation is with expected recurrent bacterial infection (Pseudomonas, S. aureus/H. influenze in first 6 months, Burkholderia cepacia) and hemoptysis. Chronic cough and expectorate of copious sputum Later in disease – larger volume hemoptysis and pneumothoraces Can be suspected antenatally due to echogenic bowel or genetic testing Diagnosis with sweat test after birth (>60 mEq/L) Treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids, pancreatic enzyme supplementation (~85%), physiotherapy, lung transplant and others Life expectancy now reaching 40 years of more with therapy
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Case 4 Child with history of fractures on cyclical bisphosphonates Diagnosis?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta Congenital, non-sex-linked, hereditary disorder Inheritance can be AD, AD with new mutation or AR depending on type Incidence: 1 in 12,000 to 15,000 births Types I to VIII Hallmark feature is fragile bones that fracture easily. Affects both bone quality and quantity. Clinical presentation is highly variable, ranging from mild with no deformity, normal stature and a few fractures (I) to a form that is lethal during the perinatal period (II) Type I is commonest with general bone fragility, loose joints, absent to minimal bone deformity, blue, purple or gray sclera, brittle teeth and predisposition to hearing loss
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Osteogenesis imperfecta Associated forms (rare) Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome – severe form of OI that also causes blindness Cole-Carpenter syndrome – OI with craniosynotosis and ocular proptosis Bruck syndrome – OI with congenital joint contractures OI / Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – recently identified syndrome featuring fragile bones and extreme ligament laxity
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Case 5 Child with cyanosis during feeding, tachyapnea and agitation Diagnosis?
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Tetralogy of Fallot One of the most common cyanotic congenital heart conditions Accounts for 10% of all congenital heart disease Associated with a deletion on chromosome 21q11 Components: VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular outflow obstruction, right ventricular hypertrophy Pink tetralogy of Fallot Pentalogy of Fallot
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Case 6 16 year old female with seizures and chorioretinal lacunae. Diagnosis?
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Aicardi syndrome Described in 1961 by French pediatrician Jean Francois Aicardi Rare severe developmental disorder. Results from X-linked dominant defect that is fatal in males and thus is only seen in females (except for rare 47-XXY cases) Typical presentation is Infantile spasms (salaam seizures with typical bowing of the head) Corpus callosum dysgenesis (most consistent feature) Distinctive chorioretinal lacunae (pathognomonic) Mental retardation Most also have severe impediment related to speech No cure. No defined standard course of treatment. Treatment is purely symptomatic and involves management of seizures and programs for the mental retardation.
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Retcam photo to left eye showing also showing optic disc coloboma (black arrow) and chorioretinal lacunae nasal to optic disc (white arrow).
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Case 6
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Today's talk Introduction Guidelines Clinical cases Aortic coarctation Copper beaten skull Cystic fibrosis Osteogensis imperfecta Tetralogy of Fallot Aicardi Syndrome
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Thank you!