Download Free Medical Autism Spectrum Disorders PowerPoint Presentation

Autism Spectrum Disorders PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical presentation on Pediatrics, which is titled "Autism Spectrum Disorders", to know about Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Tags : Pediatrics, Autism Spectrum Disorders

Published on : Aug 03, 2021 | Views : 6446 | Downloads : 35

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Autism Spectrum Disorders Judith A. Axelrod, M.D. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician Square One Specialists in Child and Adolescent Development Professor of Pediatrics University of Louisville School of Medicine
Slide 2-

Disclosures A. “I have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacturers of any commercial products and/or provider of commercial services discussed in this CME activity.” B. “I do not intend to discuss an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device in my presentation.”
Slide 3-

ppt slide no 3 content not found
Slide 4-

Autism Spectrum Disorder Described in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner Study of 11 children Early infantile autism Characterized by social differences Dr. Hans Asperger Described milder form of disorder Asperger syndrome
Slide 5-

Autism Spectrum Disorder/Pervasive Developmental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) 5 disorders under the PDD umbrella Qualitative impairments of communication Qualitative impairments of social skills Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
Slide 6-

Autism N.O.S. Asperger’s Rett’s Childhood Disintegrative PDD Umbrella
Slide 7-

Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism (50-60%) Social communication skills
Slide 8-

Social Communication Disorders Autism Asperger’s Disorder Pervasive Developmental Disorder, NOS
Slide 9-

Development of social communication Within the first and second year of life children develop: Sense of self Capacity to judge form evidence Ability to integrate ideas from past experience Ability to appreciate psychological state of another person
Slide 10-

Social communication Teasing Helping Comforting
Slide 11-

Development of social communication During the first and second year of life children Show interest in other people Show curiosity about feelings and thoughts
Slide 12-

Pretend Make believe play
Slide 13-

Social Communication requires: Joint attention Effective reciprocity or emotional sharing The ability to realize that another person has thoughts and ideas similar to you
Slide 14-

Theory of Mind Understanding the desires of another Understanding the emotional state of another person Having the ability to figure out what a person’s intentions are Knowledge that what you are thinking can be conveyed to others through nonverbal means
Slide 15-

Case study Joseph is a 2 ½ year old male who lives “in his own world”. During his first year of life he was playful and interactive. He spoke single words at 8 months. At 15 months he had a 9-15 word vocabulary. At 18 months an insidious regression of his language and communication skills began. By 2 years, Joseph spoke 4 words; he did not give eye contact. He did not share his joys.
Slide 16-

ppt slide no 16 content not found
Slide 17-

Autism Spectrum Disorder Neurobiological disorder Inconsistency of development Expression of symptoms varies with age and developmental level of person
Slide 18-

Autism Universally considered a neurobiological disorder No specific etiology Likely complex etiology Genetics Environmental factors Associated conditions
Slide 19-

Genetic Aspects 5% recurrence risk Concordance in 90% monozygotic twins Concordance in <10% dizygotic twins Mild associations with genetic syndromes Fragile X syndrome (3%) Tuberous Sclerosis (2-5%)
Slide 20-

Associated with Autism perhaps by chance Neurofibromatosis Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Angelman Syndrome Down Syndrome Intrauterine exposure to: Rubella CMV Varicella
Slide 21-

Autism Facts Common (1:160) More common in boys Occurs across all populations Cause is not known Considered a spectrum disorder
Slide 22-

Associated medical conditions Mental retardation Seizures Two phases of presentation Early childhood Late adolescence Linked to evidence of brain dysfunction/damage
Slide 23-

Autism through the lifespan Infants and toddlers Easy going “too good” baby Baby with sensory processing abnormalities Difficulty regulating behavior Overexcited, fussy, crying inconsolably
Slide 24-

Infants and Toddlers Poor imitation Abnormality in eye contact Under responsive to people Bland facial expressions with less smiling High tolerance to pain, cold, or heat Hypersensitive to taste, touch
Slide 25-

ppt slide no 25 content not found
Slide 26-

Early Indicators Lack of pretend play No point to express interest Poor joint attention Inefficient use of eye gaze Communication deficits Poor response to name
Slide 27-

Other Indicators Speech delay Acts as if cannot hear well/ignores In own world Abrupt decline in use of words 18-24 mos. Repetitive play Unusual play/TV preferences
Slide 28-

ppt slide no 28 content not found
Slide 29-

Early Childhood Typically most obvious signs and symptoms of Autism Ages 4-5 years standard age in determining severity of Autism Repetitive and stereotypic behaviors emerge and peek at 5-7 years Special interests and sameness emerge Obsessions and compulsions
Slide 30-

Common Features Repeated body movements/stereotypies Hand flapping, pacing, unusual inspection, opening and shutting doors, staring at lights Attachments to objects Resistance to change Difficulties with transitions Aggression Self injurious behaviors (rare)
Slide 31-

Common Features, continued Sensory issues Difficulty with generalization Overselectivity Splinter skills
Slide 32-

ppt slide no 32 content not found
Slide 33-

Middle Childhood Subtypes emerge Aloof Passive Active but odd Stereotypies diminish Divergence of population with language acquisition and developing cognitive skills
Slide 34-

Associated findings Clumsiness Dyspraxia Sensory processing difficulties Hypotonia Joint laxity Toe walking
Slide 35-

Adolescents Continued difficulty with social and pragmatic language Some seek to develop social skills Refinement of special interests Increased anxiety, some have deterioration but regain later
Slide 36-

Adults Vastly differing outcomes 1/3 able to care for self, achieve some independence, have some friends, live independently or with support, work Nearly 70% have fair to good language Marriage is rare
Slide 37-

Adults continued About 45% have poor outcome Dependent on family or living in residential setting Major seizures, behavioral problems, continued dependency Increased rates of depression and anxiety
Slide 38-

Autism N.O.S. Asperger’s Rett’s Childhood Disintegrative PDD Umbrella
Slide 39-

Asperger syndrome continued No apparent cognitive impairment No apparent receptive or expressive language impairment
Slide 40-

Asperger Syndrome Impairment in social interaction Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
Slide 41-

Ian is a 12 yr old who is described as a bright, witty, intelligent youngster who talks constantly. He is curious and persistent. He is anxious, argumentative and has trouble with transitions. Ian has a history of repetitive behaviors described as facial grimacing, finger rituals. He has unusual speech patterns. Adults are more tolerant of him than same aged peers. He has few friends. Parents report that Ian is an only child because life is very difficult with him and he requires much time and effort. Ian has Asperger Disorder.
Slide 42-

Asperger Syndrome Normal language development No delay in receptive and expressive language milestones Language skills are defined as normal especially in early life No delay in cognition or adaptive behaviors in early life
Slide 43-

Asperger Syndrome Qualitative impairments in social interaction 1. Impaired nonverbal behavior Poor eye gaze Poor use of facial expression Poor use of gestures to regulate interaction
Slide 44-

Asperger Syndrome Qualitative impairments in social interaction Impaired social communication Rigid Excessive or tedious Pedantic Narrow range of interests
Slide 45-

Nonverbal Learning Disorders Some experts believe that NLD and Asperger Syndrome are one and the same Clinical presentation is similar with Asperger Syndrome
Slide 46-

NLD Characteristics Composed of a constellation of skill deficits that impact all aspects of living. Poor nonverbal problem solving Significant discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities Much lower nonverbal than verbal
Slide 47-

NLD continued Difficulty correctly processing and attending to tactile and visual modalities. Psychomotor coordination difficulties or physical awkwardness. Specific weaknesses in social perception and social judgment. Significant problems in adapting to new or complex situations.
Slide 48-

NLD Risks Social withdrawal and social isolation which may worsen as they get older. Predisposed to have internalizing psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Often diagnosed (misdiagnosed?) with ADHD due to poor organizational skills, poor planning and impulse control difficulties. Perceptual difficulties of NLD can interfere with reading, math, spelling.
Slide 49-

Autism N.O.S. Asperger’s Rett’s Childhood Disintegrative PDD Umbrella
Slide 50-

PDD:NOS/Atypical Autism Criteria not met for another ASD/PDD Impairments in social interaction WITH Impairments in verbal and nonverbal interactions OR stereotyped behaviors, interests or activities
Slide 51-

Autism Spectrum Disorders: Associated problems Attention problems Impulse control difficulties Sleep problems Obsessive compulsive behaviors Self-injurious behaviors Tics Depression Anxiety
Slide 52-

Autism N.O.S. Asperger’s Rett’s Childhood Disintegrative PDD Umbrella
Slide 53-

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Normal development 1st 2 years Significant loss of skills (before 10 years) in at least 2 areas: Expressive or receptive language Social skills or adaptive behavior Bowel or bladder control Play Motor skills
Slide 54-

Childhood Disintegrative con’t Abnormalities of functioning in at least 2 of the following areas: Qualitative impairment in social interaction Qualitative impairments in communication Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
Slide 55-

Level One Assessment A screening Developmental surveillance by providers performed at every well child visit A starting level evaluation for children referred for developmenal difficulties
Slide 56-

Level One, continued Use broad-band screening questionnaires Listen to parental concerns about child’s development Ask specific developmental probes regarding speech-language, social, and behavioral development
Slide 57-

Examples of Parent Concerns Acts as if cannot hear well Not talking like should Acts as if in his own world A loner Does same play over and over Odd interests
Slide 58-

Absolute Indicatorsfor Level Two Evaluation No babbling by 12 months No gesturing by 12 months No single words by 16 months No 2-word spontaneous phrases by 24 months Any loss of any language or social skills at any age
Slide 59-

Level Two Evaluation Diagnosis and Assessment of Autism
Slide 60-

Diagnostic Toolbox Input from team Input from parents Input from school Direct observation Cognitive measures Adaptive measures Diagnostic measures Clinical judgment
Slide 61-

Cognitive Measures No cognitive pattern confirms or excludes a diagnosis of Autism (but may help in differentiation of Asperger Syndrome or Nonverbal Learning Disorder). Essential for educational planning Provides a full range of standard scores (floor)
Slide 62-

Adaptive Measures Essential in the diagnosis of mental retardation Provides information regarding social and communication functioning Example: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Slide 63-

Input from Speech-Language Pathologist Measures of receptive language Measures of expressive language, including both communicative means (how) and communicative functions (why) Measures/observations of play and social skills Pragmatics
Slide 64-

Medical Diagnostic Measures Comprehensive Physical and Neurological examination Laboratory evaluation High resolution chromosome analysis DNA for Fragile X Syndrome Thyroid function testing Plasma amino acid screen Urine Organic acids Comparative Genomic Hybridization Study
Slide 65-

Medical Diagnostic Measures MRI of brain Sleep deprived EEG
Slide 66-

Screening and Diagnostic Measures Various standardized questionnaires and structured interviews are part of a thorough assessment for ASD. Standardized measures can help by providing information regarding: Symptoms Primary domains of deficits Severity of symptoms / deficits
Slide 67-

Screening and Diagnostic Measures Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test Checklist for Autism in Toddlers Social Communication Questionnaire Gilliam Autism Rating Scale Childhood Autism Rating Scale
Slide 68-

ppt slide no 68 content not found
Slide 69-

Intervention Early identification Speech-Language Therapy Occupational Therapy Physical Therapy Interaction with same aged normal peers
Slide 70-

Intervention Development of a communication system Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) Visual schedules Visual cues Social skills training Social stories Play groups
Slide 71-

Intervention Analysis of behavior for appropriate behavioral intervention (e.g., ABA) Intensive behavioral approach Goal is to teach children how to learn by focusing on building blocks of development Developmental, individual-difference, relationship-based (DIR) / Floortime Use of play to build relatedness (e.g., warmth, pleasure, meaningful communication, creativity)
Slide 72-

ppt slide no 72 content not found
Slide 73-

Educational Intervention Teachers need specific training in the education of children with Autism Intensive Speech-Language therapy Collaboration between therapist, parents, and teacher is critical Promote behaviors with positive behavioral strategies Use of visual and manipulative educational materials
Slide 74-

Educational Intervention Visual communication aids Visual schedule, chart of daily activities Social skills training Buddy system Social stories Positive reinforcement for positive behaviors
Slide 75-

Key Issues for Intervention Early intervention is critical Communication Social Skills Development Gradual increase in prosocial behaviors Development of self & awareness of others
Slide 76-

Medication There are no medications that “cure” Autism. Medication should be used for specific symptoms.
Slide 77-

Specific symptoms for medication Anxiety Obsessive-Compulsive behaviors Depression Self abusive behaviors Aggression Sleep deprivation
Slide 78-

Medications Used Selective Sertonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) Prozac (Fluoxetine) Zoloft (Sertraline) Celexa (Citalopram) Neuroleptics Risperdal(Risperidone) Zyprexa (Olanzapine) Geodon (Ziprasidone) Abilify (Aripiprazole)
Slide 79-

Medications Used Continued Alpha adrenergic agonists Clonidine Guanfacine Mood stabilizers Depakote (Valproic acid) Tegretol (Carbamazepine) Antiopiod Naltrexone
Slide 80-

Alternative Therapies unproved Gluten-Casein Free Diet Based on toxicologic opioid hypothesis Nutritional Supplements Based on hypothesis that minerals and/or vitamins improve “autistic behaviors” Immune globulin therapy Based on assumption Autism is an autoimmune abnormality Secretin Intravenous hormone that stimulates pancreas and liver to manage “autistic behaviors” Chelation Based on hypothesis that mercury exposure is cause of Autism
Slide 81-

Autism and learning The child with autism can learn skills for communication, can develop the skills for emotional and social relationships, and can learn to diminish stereotypical behavior. No one particular program works for all children.
Slide 82-

Autism Autism is a lifelong developmental disorder.
Slide 83-

Autism There is no “cure” for Autism. Prognosis is dependent on cognition and the ability to develop social skills. Early intervention is critical and optimizes treatment.
Slide 84-

The following organizations can offer information and support: Autism Society of America (ASA) www.autism-society.org/ 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3067, 1-800-3-AUTISM, National Autism Hotline, P.O. Box 507, Huntington, West Virginia 25710-0570, (304) 525-8014, fax (304) 525-8026. Autism Research Institute, http://autism.com/ 4182 Adams Avenue, San Diego, California 92116, (619) 281-7165, fax 619-563-6840. MAAP, More Advanced individuals with Autism, Asperger’s syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder,
Slide 85-

Information and Support Autism Society of Kentuckiana www.ask-lou.org/ P.O. Box 90, Pewee Valley, KY 40056, Autism Society of the Bluegrass http://asbg.org/ 243 Shady Lane, Lexington, KY 40503-2034, (859) 278 4991 Indiana Resource Center for Autism http://www.autismindiana.org/ Susan Pieples, President P.O. Box 1064, Carmel, Indiana 46082 (317) 695-0252, susan@broadhorizons.us.
Slide 86-

Information and Support University of Louisville Autism Center at Kosair Charities, 1405 E. Burnett Avenue, Louisville KY 40217, (502) 852-1300 http://louisville.edu/autism/ FEAT of Louisville 1100 East Market Street Louisville KY 40206 (502) 596-1258 http://www.featoflouisville.org/