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An Introduction To The Health Effects of Radiation PowerPoint Presentation

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This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the health effects of radiation. Radiation can have both beneficial and harmful effects on human health. The effects of radiation exposure depend on several factors, including the type of radiation, the dose received, and the duration and frequency of exposure.

At low levels, radiation exposure may not cause immediate health effects. However, long-term exposure to low levels of radiation can increase the risk of developing certain cancers, such as leukemia and thyroid cancer.

At higher levels of radiation exposure, the health effects can be more severe and immediate. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) can occur when a person receives a high dose of radiation over a short period. Symptoms of ARS may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin burns, and even death in severe cases.

Radiation exposure can also affect the reproductive system, causing infertility and genetic mutations in offspring. Additionally, radiation exposure can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases.

It is important to note that not all radiation exposure is harmful. In fact, radiation is used in various medical procedures to diagnose and treat illnesses. However, it is important to use radiation only when necessary and to take appropriate safety measures to minimize exposure.

Overall, the health effects of radiation depend on the amount and type of radiation exposure. It is important to take appropriate safety measures and to limit unnecessary exposure to radiation to minimize the risk of harmful health effects.

Tags : Health Effects of Radiation, radiation exposure, Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 1527 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

An Introduction To The Health Effects of Radiation A Small Dose of Radiation
Slide 2-

The control of fire for warmth and cooking. Ancient Awareness
Slide 3-

1895 - Wilhem Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays and in 1901 he received the first Nobel Prize for physics. 1903 - Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, along with Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their contributions to understanding radioactivity, including the properties of uranium. 1942 - Enrico Fermi and others started the first sustained nuclear chain reaction in a laboratory beneath the University of Chicago football stadium. 1945 – Nuclear bombs dropped on Japan. Historical Awareness
Slide 4-

Case Study - Sunburn Solar radiation wavelength Visible light – 400 to 760 nm Ultraviolet radiation (UV) - >400 nm (sunburn) Infrared radiation - <760 nm (heat) UV radiation Stimulates melanin (dark pigment) that absorbs UV protecting cells Health Effects 2 to 3 million non-malignant skin cancers 130,000 malignant melanomas Sunburn – acute cell injury causing inflammatory response (erythema) Accelerates aging process
Slide 5-

Radium Girls "Not to worry," their bosses told them. "If you swallow any radium, it'll make your cheeks rosy.“ The women at Radium Dial sometimes painted their teeth and faces and then turned off the lights for a laugh. From: 'Radium Girls' By Martha Irvine, Associated Press, Buffalo News, 1998
Slide 6-

Case Study - Radium 1898 – Discovered by Marie Curie 1900-1930 – Radium Therapy - used to treat arthritis, stomach ailments and cancer Accepted by American Medical Association WWI – Use of radium on watch dials 1920s – U.S. Radium corporation employed young women to paint watch dials Late 1920s – Radium girls sue, win and receive compensation
Slide 7-

Opium War of 1839-42 Great Britain has a monopoly on the sale of opium which it forces on China. Eventually getting control of Hong Kong. Consider our societies current “wars on drugs”. Historical Events
Slide 8-

Life & Radiation All life is dependent on small doses of electromagnetic radiation. For example, photosynthesis and vision use the suns radiation.
Slide 9-

Radiation Nonionizing Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, radio & TV, power transmission Ionizing Radiation capable for producing ions when interacting with matter – x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma, cosmic rays
Slide 10-

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Slide 11-

Nonionizing Radiation Sources Ultraviolet light Visible light Infrared radiation Microwaves Radio & TV Power transmission
Slide 12-

Nonionizing Examples Ultraviolet – Black light – induce fluorescence in some materials Vision – very small portion that animals use to process visual information Heat – infrared – a little beyond the red spectrum Radio waves – beyond infrared Micro waves Electrical power transmission – 60 cycles per second with a wave length of 1 to 2 million meters.
Slide 13-

Ultraviolet - Sources Sun light Most harmful UV is absorbed by the atmosphere – depends on altitude Fluorescent lamps Electric arc welding Can damage the eye (cornea) Germicidal lamps Eye damage from sun light Skin cancer
Slide 14-

Ultraviolet - Effects High ultraviolet – kills bacterial and other infectious agents High dose causes - sun burn – increased risk of skin cancer Pigmentation that results in suntan Suntan lotions contain chemicals that absorb UV radiation Reaction in the skin to produce Vitamin D that prevents rickets Strongly absorbed by air – thus the danger of hole in the atmosphere
Slide 15-

Visible Energy Energy between 400 and 750 nm High energy – bright light produces of number of adaptive responses Standards are set for the intensity of light in the work place (measured in candles or lumens)
Slide 16-

Infrared Radiation Energy between 750 nm to 0.3 cm The energy of heat – Heat is the transfer of energy Can damage – cornea, iris, retina and lens of the eye (glass workers – “glass blower’s cataract”)
Slide 17-

Microwaves & Radio Waves Energy between 0.1 cm to 1 kilometer Varity of industrial and home uses for heating and information transfer (radio, TV, mobile phones) Produced by molecular vibration in solid bodies or crystals Health effects – heating, cataracts Long-term effects being studied
Slide 18-

Electrical Power Standard in homes and businesses Highest level of exposure from electric-power generation and distribution system (high voltage power lines) Medical system – Magnetic imaging Acute health effects – shock Long-term health effects appear to be few but may some data do suggest adverse effects
Slide 19-

Ionizing Radiation Ionization Defined Radiation capable for producing ions when interacting with matter – in other words enough energy to remove an electron from an atom. Sources – x-rays, radioactive material produce alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, cosmic rays from the sun and space.
Slide 20-

Ionizing Radiation
Slide 21-

Radioactive Material Either natural or created in nuclear reactor or accelerator Radioactive material is unstable and emits energy in order to return to a more stable state (particles or gamma-rays) Half-life – time for radioactive material to decay by one-half
Slide 22-

Alpha Particles Two neutrons and two protons Charge of +2 Emitted from nucleus of radioactive atoms Transfer energy in very short distances (10 cm in air) Shielded by paper or layer of skin Primary hazard from internal exposure Alpha emitters can accumulate in tissue (bone, kidney, liver, lung, spleen) causing local damage
Slide 23-

Beta Particles Small electrically charged particles similar to electrons Charge of -1 Ejected from nuclei of radioactive atoms Emitted with various kinetic energies Shielded by wood, body penetration 0.2 to 1.3 cm depending on energy Can cause skin burns or be an internal hazard of ingested
Slide 24-

Gamma-rays Electromagnetic photons or radiation (identical to x-rays except for source) Emitted from nucleus of radioactive atoms – spontaneous emission Emitted with kinetic energy related to radioactive source Highly penetrating – extensive shielding required Serious external radiation hazard
Slide 25-

X-rays Overlap with gamma-rays Electromagnetic photons or radiation Produced from orbiting electrons or free electrons – usually machine produced Produced when electrons strike a target material inside and x-ray tube Emitted with various energies & wavelengths Highly penetrating – extensive shielding required External radiation hazard Discovered in 1895 by Roentgen
Slide 26-

Ionizing Radiation Health Effects We evolved with a certain level of naturally occurring ionizing radiation from cosmic radiation, radioactive materials in the earth. We have mechanisms to repair damage.
Slide 27-

Radiation Units Exposure – X (coul/kg) (Related to energy) Absorbed Dose – Gray (Gy) (amount of energy absorbed) Equivalent Dose – Sievert (Sv) (makes different sources of radiation equivalent)
Slide 28-

Standards US National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) International Council on Radiation Protection (ICRP) Occupational Exposure Guidelines 100 mSv over 5 years (average 20 mSv/year) with a maximum of 50 mSv in any one year General public – back ground about 3 mSv/year – Guideline 1 mSv/year
Slide 29-

Dose Response Tissue Examples of tissue Sensitivity
Slide 30-

Dose Response Issues
Slide 31-

Rate of decay of radioisotope How long it takes to lose half their strength Can range from very short to billions of years Carbon – 5730 years, which makes it valuable for dating Half-life
Slide 32-

Time Reduce the spent near the source of radiation. Distance Increase the distance from the source of radiation. Shielding Place shielding material between you and the source of radiation. Reducing Exposure
Slide 33-

Occupational exposure quidlines are 100 mSv in 5 years (average, 20 mSv per year) with a limit of 50 mSv in any single year. General public the standard is 1 mSv per year. (Natural background radiation is approximately 3 mSv/year.) Recommended exposure limits are set by the US National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) and world wide by International Council on Radiation Protection (ICRP). Regulatory Status
Slide 34-

A Small Dose of ™ Radiation
Slide 35-

Additional Information National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements – http://www.ncrp.com/ US EPA (Information about ionizing radiation and contamination) – http://www.epa.gov/radiation/ University of Michigan - Radiation & Health Physics – http://www.umich.edu/~radinfo/
Slide 36-

US EPA What Is Your Annual Radiation Dose? – Calculate your dose http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/calculate.html Calculate Your Annual Dose
Slide 37-

Authorship Information For Additional Information Contact Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT E-mail: sgilbert@innd.org Web: www.asmalldoseof.org This presentation is supplement to “A Small Dose of Toxicology”