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Acute Sinusitis - Diagnosis Management and Complications PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Dental Abrasion, which is titled "Acute Sinusitis - Diagnosis, Management, and Complications", to know about the acute sinusitis, and, its classification, etiology, presentation, diagnostic tests, treatment, and complications.

Tags : Dental Abrasion, Acute Sinusitis, Diagnosis, Management, Complications

Published on : Jul 01, 2021 | Views : 2715 | Downloads : 5

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Slide 1-

Acute Sinusitis Diagnosis, Management, and Complications Jim Holliman, M.D., F.A.C.E.P. Professor of Military and Emergency Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine George Washington University Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
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Acute Sinusitis Lecture Outline Classification Etiology Presentation Diagnostic tests Treatment Follow-up Complications
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Sinusitis Classification Definitions Acute Sx & signs of infectious process < 3 weeks duration Subacute Sx & signs 21 to 60 days Chronic > 60 days of sx & signs Or, 4 episodes of acute sinusitis each > 10 days in a single year
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General Contributors to Chronic Sinusitis Resistant infectious organisms Underlying systemic illness (esp. diabetes) Immunodeficiency Irreversible mucosal changes Anatomic abnormality
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Sinusitis Incidence Reportedly > 31 million cases in U.S. ? most common chronic illness Is in 17 % of patients > age 65 May occur in 0.5 to 1.0 % of all URI's
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Sinusitis Pathogenesis Basic cause is osteomeatal complex (the middle meatal region & the frontal, ethmoid, & maxillary sinus ostia there) inflammation & infection Sinus ostia occluded Colonizing bacteria replicate Ciliary dysfunction Mucosal edema Lowered PO2 & pH
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Development of the maxillary sinus (numbers are age in years)
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Anatomic location of the sinus ostia
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Sinusitis Etiologic Organisms (& % incidence) Aerobic bacteria Strep. pneumoniae (30) Alpha & beta hemolytic Strep (5) Staph. aureus (5) Branhamella catarrhalis (15 to 20) Hemophilus influenzae (25 to 30) Escherichia coli (5) Anerobes (10 % acute, 66 % chronic) Peptostreptococcus, Propionobacterium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium Fungi (2 to 5) Viruses (5 to 10)
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Acute Sinusitis Predisposing Conditions Local URI Allergic rhinitis Nasal septal defects Barotrauma (diving) Nasal foreign bodies Nasal tubes Dental infections Overuse of topical decongestants Nasal polyps or tumors Aspiration of infected water Smoking
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Acute Sinusitis Predisposing Conditions (cont.) Systemic Diabetes Immunocompromise (AIDS) Malnutrition Blood dyscrasias Cystic fibrosis Chemotherapy Long term steroid Rx
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Normal Functions of the Components of the Sinuses Ostia Drain secretions from sinuses Allow pressure equalization Diameter 2 to 5 mm (maxillary), 1 mm (ethmoid) Cilia Beat at frequency 1000 strokes/min. toward ostia Push secretions out of sinus Sinus secretions 2 layered mucus Contain IgA & IgG Patency of ostiomeatal complex required for sinusitis resolution
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Acute Sinusitis Usual Clinical Presentation Symptoms progress over 2 to 3 days Nasal congestion & discharge (usually thick & colored, not clear) Localized pain +/- referred pain Tenderness or pressure sensation over sinuses Headache Cough due to postnasal drip Halitosis Malaise
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Usual Physical Findings With Acute Sinusitis Erythematous edematous nasal mucosa Purulent secretions in middle meatal area May be absent if ostia completely blocked Percussion tenderness Over the involved sinuses Over the maxillary molar +/- premolar teeth Halitosis +/- fever
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Pain Patterns with Acute Sinusitis Maxillary sinusitis Unilateral pain over cheekbone Maxillary toothache Periorbital pain Temporal headache Pain worse if head upright Pain better if head supine
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Pain Patterns with Acute Sinusitis (cont.) Ethmoid sinusitis Medial canthal pain Medial periorbital or temporal headache Pain worsened by Valsalva or if supine Sphenoiditis Retroorbital, temporal, or vertical headache Often deep seated headache with multiple foci Pain worse supine or bending forward Frontal Frontal headache Pain worse supine
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Signs of Potentially Dangerous Complications of Acute Sinusitis Periorbital, frontal, or cheek edema Proptosis Ophthalmoplegia Ptosis Diplopia Meningeal signs Neuro deficits of cranial nerves II to VI
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Acute Sinusitis Use of Cultures Routine culture of nasal secretions not useful Poor correlation between non-directed nasal or nasopharyngeal culture isolates & sinus aspirate cultures Sinus aspirate cultures useful only for protracted or nonresponsive sinusitis Require endoscopy or needle puncture of sinus
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Use of Paranasal Sinus Transillumination to Diagnose Sinusitis First remove patient's dentures Use darkened room Shield light source from observer's eyes Use Welch Allyn transilluminator or Mini-Mag Lite Shine light over max. sinus & observe light transmission thru hard palate Report results as opaque, dull, or normal for either side Not useful for frontal sinuses since they often have developed asymmetrically
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Sensitivity of Transillumination to Diagnose Sinusitis Different studies have reached opposite conclusions on its usefulness ("Highly predictive" versus "criminal negligence") Some studies have indicated it is useful if sinus is completely opaque (c/w Dx of sinusitis) or is completely normal (c/w absence of sinusitis), but has poor predictive value & correlation if transmission is "dull" Can't be done in about 25 % of children due to poor cooperation
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Acute Sinusitis Radiography Plain films not as sensitive as CT Radiographic signs of sinus pathology : Air fluid levels Partial or complete opacification Bony wall displacement 4 mm or more of mucosal wall thickening Single Water's view has high concordance with 4 view sinus series (Caldwell, Water's, lateral, & submental vertex views)
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Water’s view with air-fluid level in left maxillary sinus
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Water’s view showing air-fluid level in right maxillary sinus and mucosal thickening in left maxillary sinus
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Lateral view of normal frontal and sphenoid sinuses
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Which sinus has an air-fluid level ?
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Opacification of the frontal sinuses
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Which sinus has an air-fluid level ?
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Hypoplastic left frontal sinus and nosocomial right maxillary sinusitis
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Limitations of Plain Film Radiography for Sinusitis Poor visualization of ethmoid air cells Difficulty distinguishing between infection, tumor, or polyp if sinus is completely opacified
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Use of Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Sinusitis Less sensitive than 4 view X-ray Shown to not correlate well with sinus cultures Accuracy is operator dependent CT preferred for evaluation of complications
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Another diagnostic modality for sinusitis is nasal endoscopy
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Nasal endoscopic view showing uncinate process (U) displaced against middle turbinate (T) & closed off opening to frontal recess (arrow) from acute sinusitis
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Nasal endoscopic view showing Aspergillus fungal mass arising from the sphenoid sinus
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Use of Computed Tomography (CT) for Diagnosis of Sinusitis Advantages of CT : Visualizes ethmoid air cells Evaluates cause of opacified sinus Differentiates bony changes of chronic inflammation from osteomyelitis Indicated only if complications suspected or if diagnosis uncertain (not needed initially for most cases)
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CT scan showing fluid with pockets of air in frontal air cells from frontal sinusitis in a six year old male
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Coronal CT scan showing left sphenoid sinusitis
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CT scan showing right maxillary sinusitis
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Coronal MRI scan showing maxillary sinusitis
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Infectious and Granulomatous Diagnoses to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis of Sinusitis Nasopharyngitis / adenoiditis Dental abscess Vestibulitis / furunculosis Sarcoidosis Tuberculosis Rhinosporidiosis Syphilis Leprosy Wegener's Granulomatosis Midline (lethal) granuloma Nasopharyngeal cancer
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Lab Work for Diagnosis of Acute Sinusitis Not helpful !
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Goals of Medical Therapy for Acute Sinusitis Control Infection Facilitate sinus ostial patency and drainage Provide relief of symptoms Evaluate and treat any predisposing conditions to prevent recurrences
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General Treatment for Acute Sinusitis Oral antibiotic Topical and systemic decongestants Pain medications Optional or secondary medications: Guaifenesin (1200 mg po q 12h) warm nasal saline irrigations qid Antihistamine orally : only in the small % of patients with true allergic component
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First - Line Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Sinusitis Treatment duration should be 10 to 14 days (one recent study indicated 3 days may be OK) Amoxicillin 500 mg po q 8 h Augmentin 500 mg po q 8 h Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole DS one po bid Azithromycin 500 mg po then 250 mg po q d x4 Pediazole (Erythromycin - sulfisoxazole) QID may be best choice in kids
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Antibiotic Therapy in Acute Sinusitis if Staph. aureus is suspected Also useful if patient fails Rx with antibiotics on previous slide Cefuroxime axetil 500 mg po q 12h Cefprozil 500 mg po q 12h Cefpodoxime 200 mg po 12h Loracarbef 400 mg po q 12h
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Precautions Regarding Medication Interactions in Rx of Acute Sinusitis Remember that ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin are contraindicated if any of the nonsedating antihistamines (terfenadine, astemizole, and loratidine) are used as they cause prolonged QT syndrome and ventricular arrhythmias Also oral decongestants may cause problems in patients on TCA's, MAO inhibitors, and alpha blockers
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Use of Topical Decongestants for Rx of Acute Sinusitus Ephedrine sulfate 1 % 2 sprays each nostril q 4h Phenylephrine HCl 0.25 to 0.5 % 2 sprays q 4h Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05 % 2 sprays q 12h Limit use to 3 to 5 days to avoid rebound vasodilatation and "rhinitis medicamentosa"
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Use of Oral Decongestants for Rx of Acute Sinusitis Phenylpropanolamine HCl 12.5 mg po q 4h or 75 mg q 12h (now not available in U.S.A.) Pseudoephedrine HCl 60 mg po q 6h or 120 mg q 12h Usually should be continued for 4 weeks
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Treatment of Frontal Sinusitis Usually should be admitted for initial IV antibiotic Rx Higher incidence of intracranial complications Give IV Cefuroxime 2 gm IV q 8h or Ceftriaxone 2 gm IV q d and decongestants If not resolving in 24 to 48 hours of Rx may need surgical intervention ( frontal sinus trephination or external sinusectomy)
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Fungal Sinusitis Increasing incidence in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients 3 types Fulminant infection with soft tissue invasion Progressive indolent invasive disease Noninvasive localized disease ( mycetoma or allergic fungal sinusitis)
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Fungal Sinusitis Causative fungi: Aspergillus (most common) Rhizopus (mucormycosis) Candida Histoplasma Blastomces Coccidioides Cryptococcus
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Fungal Sinusitis Major risk factors: Granulocytopenia multiple prolonged courses of antibiotics or steroids DKA AIDS
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Presentation of Invasive or Acute Fulminant Fungal Sinusitis Facial soft tissue tenderness Cloudy rhinorrhea Fever Gray, friable, anesthetic nasal tissue May have necrotic black tissue May have bloody rhinorrhea
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Treatment of Invasive Fungal Sinusitis Always should be admitted Correct metabolic abnomalities High dose Amphotencin B +/- fluconazole Surgical debidement
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General Management of Complications of Acute Sinusitis Hospitalization CT scan of sinuses ( +/- cranial CT) IV antibiotics with anerobic coverage ENT consult
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List of Complications from Acute Sinusitis Mucocele or mucopyocele Osteomyelitis Facial cellulitis Oroantral fistula Orbital cellulitis Cavernous sinus thrombosis Septic thrombophlebitis Meningitis Epidural, subdural, or intracerebral abscess
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Sinusitis Complications : Mucocele Most common in frontal sinus Expansive mucus accumulation causes progressive pressure necrosis Signs: soft tissue mass over sinus proptosis ophthalmoplegia
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Coronal CT scan showing left maxillary sinus mucocele
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Sinusitis Complications : Signs of Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Abrupt high fever Toxicity Progressive obtundation Cranial nerve palsies ( III - VI) Trigeminal anesthesia Visual loss
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Axial CT scan with contrast showing cavernous sinus thrombosis
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CT scan showing orbital & brain abscesses from ethmoid sinusitis
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CT scan showing epidural abscess from frontal sinusitis (six year old male with headache, emesis, and fever)
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Coronal CT scan showing left ethmoid opacification and displacement of globe by intraorbital mass (patient was a 2 year old male presenting with fever, proptosis, and left orbital cellulitis)
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Antibiotics to Consider for Rx of Sinusitis Complications Ceftriaxone 1 gm IV q 12h Cefotaxime 2 gm IV q 4h Ceftizoxime 4 gm IV q 8h + metronidazole 30 mg/Kg/d Ampicillin / sulbactam 3 gm IV q 6h Vancomycin 500 mg q 6h + aztreonam 1 gm q 8h or chloramphenicol ( for PCN - allergic patients)
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Follow-up for Acute Sinusitis If not resolved in 10 days, continue antibiotics for 3 weeks If not resolved at 3 weeks consider further workup ( CT +/- sinus cultures) Secondary antibiotics to consider: Clindamycin, ciproflaxacin, metronidazole Consider topical intranasal steroids
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Management of Sinusitis Summary Diagnosis by clinical presentation Evaluate for complications Admit to hospital if complications present Treat for 10 to 14 days Extend Rx if not resolved in 10 days Workup and consult if not resolved in 3 weeks